Which of the following medications is commonly used for sedation in the ICU?
Lisinopril
Lorazepam
Levothyroxine
Lactulose
#2
What is the primary mechanism of action of opioids in pain management?
Blocking dopamine receptors
Enhancing GABAergic transmission
Activating opioid receptors
Inhibiting NMDA receptors
#3
Which of the following medications is a common choice for treating neuropathic pain in the ICU?
Morphine
Acetaminophen
Gabapentin
Ketamine
#4
What is the preferred route of administration for rapid pain relief in a critically ill patient?
Oral
Subcutaneous
Intravenous
Intramuscular
#5
Which of the following medications is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) commonly used for treating depression in critically ill patients?
Fluoxetine
Diazepam
Morphine
Phenytoin
#6
Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with long-term use of opioids in ICU patients?
Hypertension
Respiratory depression
Hyperglycemia
Hypokalemia
#7
Which of the following medications is commonly used for neuromuscular blockade in the ICU?
Midazolam
Fentanyl
Vecuronium
Propofol
#8
What is the primary pharmacological action of dexmedetomidine in the ICU?
Muscle relaxation
Analgesia and sedation
Bronchodilation
Platelet inhibition
#9
What is the mechanism of action of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in pain management?
Inhibition of COX-1
Activation of opioid receptors
Inhibition of COX-2
Reduction of prostaglandin synthesis
#10
Which of the following is a potential complication of prolonged use of benzodiazepines for sedation in the ICU?
Seizures
Hypertension
Hypernatremia
Renal failure
#11
What is the primary mechanism of action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in pain management?