#1
Which of the following is a measure of association used in epidemiology?
Odds ratio
ExplanationQuantifies the strength of association between exposure and outcome.
#2
What is the primary purpose of epidemiological surveillance?
To monitor disease occurrence and spread
ExplanationTo detect and monitor trends in disease occurrence within populations.
#3
Which of the following is a common measure of disease frequency?
Prevalence
ExplanationReflects the total number of cases within a population at a given time.
#4
What does the term 'herd immunity' refer to in epidemiology?
The immunity of a group or community to a particular disease
ExplanationOccurs when a sufficient proportion of a population is immune to a disease.
#5
Which of the following is an example of a vector-borne disease?
Malaria
ExplanationTransmitted to humans by the bite of infected mosquitoes.
#6
Which of the following is NOT a determinant of health according to the World Health Organization (WHO)?
Genetic predisposition
ExplanationGenetic predisposition is a crucial determinant of health according to WHO.
#7
In epidemiology, what does 'incidence rate' measure?
The risk of developing a new case of a disease over a specified period
ExplanationReflects the rate at which new cases of a disease develop within a population.
#8
Which of the following is NOT a type of epidemiological study design?
Observational study
ExplanationObservational studies are a fundamental type of epidemiological research.
#9
What is the basic reproduction number (R0) in epidemiology?
The average number of secondary infections produced by a single infected individual
ExplanationCritical for assessing the potential for disease spread within a population.
#10
What is the purpose of randomization in a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
To reduce bias and confounding variables
ExplanationCritical for ensuring the comparability of treatment groups.
#11
What is the primary difference between prevalence and incidence in epidemiology?
Prevalence measures the total number of cases, while incidence measures the number of new cases.
ExplanationPrevalence reflects existing cases, while incidence reflects new cases within a specific time period.
#12
Which of the following is a common measure of association used in cohort studies?
Relative risk
ExplanationEstimates the risk of an outcome in an exposed group compared to an unexposed group.
#13
What does the 'p-value' indicate in epidemiological studies?
The probability of observing the results if the null hypothesis is true
ExplanationAssesses the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis.
#14
What is the difference between sensitivity and specificity in diagnostic testing?
Sensitivity measures true positive rate, while specificity measures true negative rate
ExplanationSensitivity assesses the ability to correctly identify positives, while specificity assesses the ability to correctly identify negatives.
#15
What does 'confounding' refer to in epidemiological research?
The presence of an extraneous variable that distorts the true relationship between exposure and outcome
ExplanationAffects the association between an exposure and outcome, leading to erroneous conclusions.
#16
What is the purpose of sensitivity analysis in epidemiological modeling?
To assess the model's performance under different scenarios and assumptions
ExplanationTests the robustness of a model by varying parameters and assumptions.