#1
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
Giving a child a timeout for misbehavior
Taking away a toy as punishment for misbehavior
Giving a sticker to a student for completing their homework
Ignoring a child's tantrum
#2
Which of the following best describes the concept of confirmation bias?
The tendency to rely on the most readily available information when making judgments
The tendency to seek out information that confirms one's pre-existing beliefs
The tendency to assign more importance to the first information received
The tendency to overestimate the likelihood of rare events
#3
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A child being given a sticker for completing chores
A dog salivating at the sound of a bell
A student receiving extra credit for good behavior
A person learning to ride a bicycle
#4
What is the term for a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences?
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Observational learning
Implicit learning
#5
Which of the following best defines the term 'schema' in psychology?
A mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps simplify decision-making
A pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information
A set of beliefs or expectations about a particular group of people
A type of memory that holds information for a short period of time
#6
What is the term for a conditioned response that is no longer reinforced and eventually diminishes?
Generalization
Extinction
Discrimination
Reinforcement
#7
In operant conditioning, what is the term for removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
#8
What is the term for a sudden, novel realization or insight that solves a problem?
Epiphany
Heuristic
Algorithm
Prototype
#9
In social psychology, what is the term for the tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal characteristics while attributing our own behavior to external factors?
Self-serving bias
Actor-observer bias
Just-world hypothesis
Cognitive dissonance
#10
What term describes the tendency to overestimate the degree to which others share our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors?
False consensus effect
Social facilitation
Confirmation bias
Cognitive dissonance
#11
Which of the following is a key component of Albert Bandura's social learning theory?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
Pavlovian conditioning
#12
Which psychological concept refers to the tendency for people to believe that others are paying more attention to them than they actually are?
Fundamental attribution error
Observer bias
Hawthorne effect
Spotlight effect
#13
What term describes the phenomenon where individuals in a group tend to exert less effort when working collectively compared to when working individually?
Groupthink
Social loafing
Deindividuation
Conformity
#14
What term describes the tendency for individuals to perform better on tasks when they are in the presence of others?
Social facilitation
Group polarization
Social comparison
Groupthink
#15
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which needs must be fulfilled before an individual is motivated to pursue higher-level needs?
Self-actualization needs
Esteem needs
Belongingness and love needs
Physiological needs
#16
What is the term for the tendency to favor information that confirms our pre-existing beliefs or hypotheses, while disregarding or downplaying contradictory evidence?
Confirmation bias
Hindsight bias
Availability heuristic
Anchoring bias
#17
What concept refers to the tendency to judge the likelihood or frequency of an event based on how easily it comes to mind?
Representativeness heuristic
Anchoring and adjustment
Availability heuristic
Base rate fallacy