#1
Which of the following is not a characteristic of viruses?
They are obligate intracellular parasites
They have a cellular structure similar to bacteria
They can only replicate inside host cells
They contain genetic material
#2
What is the outermost layer of a virus called?
Capsid
Nucleic acid
Envelope
Spike protein
#3
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of bacteriophages?
They infect plants
They have an envelope
They infect bacteria
They replicate in the nucleus of host cells
#4
What is the primary target of antiviral drugs?
Viral nucleic acids
Host cell membranes
Viral enzymes
Viral capsid proteins
#5
What is the term for the process by which a virus enters a host cell?
Replication
Integration
Entry
Infection
#6
What is the name for viruses that infect bacteria?
Virions
Bacteriophages
Prions
Protozoans
#7
Which type of virus contains only RNA as its genetic material?
Retrovirus
Adenovirus
Poxvirus
Herpesvirus
#8
What is the function of viral envelope?
To protect the virus from host immune system
To facilitate attachment to host cells
To regulate viral gene expression
To provide energy for viral replication
#9
Which viral structure is responsible for binding to host cell receptors?
Capsid
Nucleic acid
Envelope
Spike protein
#10
What is the mechanism of action of interferons against viruses?
Inhibiting viral entry
Inhibiting viral replication
Promoting viral release
Enhancing viral attachment
#11
Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA viruses?
They are more stable than DNA viruses
They replicate using DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
They have high mutation rates
They are unable to cause disease in humans
#12
Which of the following is a characteristic of retroviruses?
They contain DNA as their genetic material
They replicate using reverse transcriptase
They are unable to integrate into host cell genome
They are non-enveloped viruses
#13
Which of the following is not a mode of viral transmission?
Vector-borne transmission
Airborne transmission
Zoonotic transmission
Nonliving fomite transmission
#14
Which viral family does the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belong to?
Retroviridae
Herpesviridae
Papillomaviridae
Orthomyxoviridae
#15
Which of the following is not a method used by viruses to evade the host immune system?
Antigenic shift
Antigenic drift
Lysogenic conversion
Mimicking host cell surface proteins
#16
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a prion?
It contains DNA as its genetic material
It is a type of virus
It lacks nucleic acid
It cannot cause diseases