#1
Which of the following is the genetic material in viruses?
RNA
Protein
DNA
Carbohydrate
#2
What is the primary determinant of host range in viruses?
Viral capsid
Viral envelope
Viral polymerase
Viral receptor interaction
#3
What is the primary mode of transmission for the human papillomavirus (HPV)?
Airborne droplets
Sexual contact
Fecal-oral route
Blood transfusion
#4
What is the main difference between positive-sense and negative-sense RNA viruses?
The presence of an envelope
The orientation of their RNA genome
The type of host cells they infect
The size of their viral capsid
#5
What is the primary mode of transmission for the hepatitis A virus?
Airborne droplets
Sexual contact
Fecal-oral route
Blood transfusion
#6
What is the viral capsid composed of?
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
#7
Which type of viral replication results in the destruction of the host cell?
Lytic replication
Lysogenic replication
Budding
Fusion
#8
Which enzyme is responsible for the replication of RNA in negative-sense RNA viruses?
RNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
DNA polymerase
RNAase
#9
In which cellular organelle does the assembly of most enveloped viruses take place?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Nucleus
#10
Which type of virus can integrate its genome into the host cell's genome and remain dormant for an extended period?
Retrovirus
Herpesvirus
Orthomyxovirus
Adenovirus
#11
Which enzyme is responsible for cleaving precursor polyproteins into functional viral proteins in many positive-sense RNA viruses?
RNA polymerase
Protease
Helicase
Ligase
#12
Which class of viruses possesses a circular, double-stranded DNA genome?
Flaviviridae
Herpesviridae
Poxviridae
Papillomaviridae
#13
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
Replication of DNA
Replication of RNA
Integration of viral DNA into host genome
Inhibition of host cell functions
#14
What is antigenic shift in the context of viral evolution?
Gradual accumulation of small genetic changes
Major change in viral genome leading to a new subtype
Exchange of genetic material between two different viruses
Formation of viral spikes
#15
What is the primary function of viral neuraminidase during the influenza virus life cycle?
Attachment to host cells
Release of virions from host cells
Entry into host cells
Replication of viral RNA
#16
Which viral family does the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belong to?
Herpesviridae
Retroviridae
Poxviridae
Flaviviridae
#17
What is the function of the viral matrix protein in enveloped viruses?
Facilitates viral entry
Provides structural support
Replicates viral RNA
Cleaves host cell DNA
#18
What is the significance of the viral envelope in certain viruses?
Protects the viral genome
Facilitates viral entry into host cells
Provides energy for viral replication
Catalyzes host cell DNA synthesis
#19
What is the primary target of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the human body?
Liver cells
T lymphocytes
Kidney cells
Neurons