#1
Which of the following is NOT a psychological factor influencing consumer behavior?
Motivation
Perception
Income
Learning
#2
What does the 'reference group' concept refer to in consumer behavior?
A group of individuals who make purchase decisions together
A group that serves as a point of reference in forming attitudes or behavior
A group of people who gather information about products before purchase
A group of people who are influenced by advertisements
#3
Which of the following is a situational factor influencing consumer behavior?
Personality
Culture
Time
Social class
#4
In marketing, what does 'brand loyalty' refer to?
The tendency of consumers to repeatedly purchase products from the same brand
The willingness of consumers to try new brands
The preference of consumers for generic products over branded ones
The inclination of consumers to buy products on sale
#5
Which of the following is a cultural factor influencing consumer behavior?
Income
Gender
Personality
Social class
#6
Which theory suggests that people are motivated to maintain a balance between their beliefs and behaviors?
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Consumer Involvement Theory
#7
What does the term 'attitude' represent in consumer behavior?
Affect, behavior, and cognition toward an object or idea
The willingness to purchase a product
The frequency of buying a product
The perception of product quality
#8
What does the 'perceived risk' concept signify in consumer behavior?
The actual risk associated with a product or service
The risk consumers believe they will encounter when making a purchase decision
The risk perceived by manufacturers in launching a new product
The risk perceived by competitors in the market
#9
What is the 'habitual buying behavior' in consumer decision-making?
Buying behavior characterized by little thought and low involvement
Buying behavior characterized by extensive research and high involvement
Buying behavior influenced by the opinion of others
Buying behavior influenced by emotional appeals
#10
What does 'perceptual vigilance' refer to in consumer behavior?
The tendency to perceive products from familiar brands more positively
The heightened awareness of stimuli relevant to one's needs
The tendency to ignore marketing messages from competitors
The preference for products with distinctive packaging
#11
Which factor is NOT considered in the social class influence on consumer behavior?
Occupation
Education
Ethnicity
Family size
#12
Which theory suggests that consumers choose the product with the highest perceived value?
Theory of Planned Behavior
Expectancy Theory
Utility Theory
Consumer Value Framework
#13
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which needs must be satisfied first before others become motivating factors?
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Belongingness and love needs
Self-actualization needs
#14
According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, which route to persuasion involves deep cognitive processing of information?
Central route
Peripheral route
Rational route
Emotional route
#15
Which theory suggests that individuals are motivated to reduce the perceived discrepancy between their actual and ideal selves?
Self-Concept Theory
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Ideal Self Theory
Self-Congruity Theory