#1
Which of the following is NOT a psychological factor influencing consumer behavior?
Income
ExplanationIncome is an economic factor, not a psychological one.
#2
What does the 'reference group' concept refer to in consumer behavior?
A group that serves as a point of reference in forming attitudes or behavior
ExplanationReference groups shape attitudes and behavior through comparison.
#3
Which of the following is a situational factor influencing consumer behavior?
Time
ExplanationTime, as a situational factor, influences consumer decisions.
#4
In marketing, what does 'brand loyalty' refer to?
The tendency of consumers to repeatedly purchase products from the same brand
ExplanationBrand loyalty reflects consumers' consistent preference for a particular brand.
#5
Which of the following is a cultural factor influencing consumer behavior?
Gender
ExplanationGender norms and roles influence consumer behavior within cultures.
#6
Which theory suggests that people are motivated to maintain a balance between their beliefs and behaviors?
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
ExplanationCognitive Dissonance Theory posits that people seek consistency in beliefs and actions.
#7
What does the term 'attitude' represent in consumer behavior?
Affect, behavior, and cognition toward an object or idea
ExplanationAttitude comprises feelings, actions, and thoughts toward something.
#8
What does the 'perceived risk' concept signify in consumer behavior?
The risk consumers believe they will encounter when making a purchase decision
ExplanationPerceived risk relates to consumers' assessment of potential negative outcomes.
#9
What is the 'habitual buying behavior' in consumer decision-making?
Buying behavior characterized by little thought and low involvement
ExplanationHabitual buying behavior involves automatic, low-involvement purchasing.
#10
What does 'perceptual vigilance' refer to in consumer behavior?
The heightened awareness of stimuli relevant to one's needs
ExplanationPerceptual vigilance involves noticing stimuli related to personal needs or interests.
#11
Which factor is NOT considered in the social class influence on consumer behavior?
Family size
ExplanationFamily size is not typically a factor in social class influence.
#12
Which theory suggests that consumers choose the product with the highest perceived value?
Utility Theory
ExplanationUtility Theory posits that consumers seek maximum value for their money.
#13
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which needs must be satisfied first before others become motivating factors?
Physiological needs
ExplanationMaslow's theory suggests physiological needs must be met before others become motivating.
#14
According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, which route to persuasion involves deep cognitive processing of information?
Central route
ExplanationThe central route involves careful consideration and deep processing of information.
#15
Which theory suggests that individuals are motivated to reduce the perceived discrepancy between their actual and ideal selves?
Self-Concept Theory
ExplanationSelf-Concept Theory posits individuals seek congruence between actual and ideal selves.