#1
Which psychologist is known for his research on classical conditioning with dogs?
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
Edward Thorndike
#2
Who proposed the Law of Effect, which states that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated?
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Edward Thorndike
John B. Watson
#3
What is the term used to describe the process of learning by watching others and then imitating their actions?
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
Classical conditioning
Cognitive dissonance
#4
Who proposed the Law of Effect, which suggests that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated?
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Edward Thorndike
John B. Watson
#5
Who is known for introducing the concept of 'operant conditioning'?
Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner
Edward Thorndike
#6
In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
The response that is naturally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus
A neutral stimulus that, after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus, elicits a response
The stimulus that initially elicits a reflexive response
The response that is learned through association with the conditioned stimulus
#7
Which of the following best describes operant conditioning?
Learning by associating one stimulus with another
Learning by observing and imitating others
Learning by reinforcement or punishment of voluntary behavior
Learning through the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
#8
In the context of operant conditioning, what is negative reinforcement?
The removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior
The presentation of a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior
The removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
The presentation of an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
#9
What is the process by which a conditioned response is weakened or eliminated when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
Generalization
Discrimination
Spontaneous recovery
#10
In classical conditioning, what is the neutral stimulus?
The response that is naturally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that initially elicits a reflexive response
A stimulus that, after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus, elicits a response
The response that is learned through association with the conditioned stimulus
#11
Which term describes the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus?
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
#12
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished response after a period of time?
Generalization
Spontaneous recovery
Discrimination
Extinction
#13
In operant conditioning, what is shaping?
The gradual strengthening of a response through reinforcement
The process of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior
The sudden disappearance of a learned behavior
The presentation of an aversive stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
#14
Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary reinforcer?
Food
Money
Water
Sexual satisfaction
#15
What term describes the process of learning to respond differently to stimuli that are similar, but not identical, to the conditioned stimulus?
Extinction
Discrimination
Generalization
Spontaneous recovery
#16
What term describes the process of a conditioned response re-emerging after extinction, sometimes without any further conditioning?
Generalization
Discrimination
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction