#1
Which Gestalt principle suggests that objects that are close together are perceived as a group?
Closure
Proximity
Similarity
Continuity
#2
Which of the following is a characteristic of working memory according to Baddeley's model?
Limited capacity
Permanent storage
Automatic processing
Sensory input only
#3
Which of the following best characterizes the process of 'encoding' in memory?
Retaining information over time
Rehearsing information to maintain it in short-term memory
Transforming sensory information into a form that can be stored in memory
Recalling information when needed
#4
Which of the following Gestalt principles involves the perception of a continuous pattern rather than multiple discontinuous elements?
Closure
Proximity
Similarity
Continuity
#5
Which type of memory is responsible for storing information about events and experiences that have happened to an individual?
Semantic memory
Procedural memory
Episodic memory
Working memory
#6
In cognitive psychology, the term 'chunking' refers to:
Breaking down information into smaller, more manageable parts
Grouping information into larger, more meaningful units
Encoding information into long-term memory
Decoding complex information into simpler forms
#7
Which of the following is NOT a stage in Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi-store model of memory?
Sensory memory
Working memory
Intermediate memory
Long-term memory
#8
The Stroop effect demonstrates interference in cognitive processing by:
Naming the color of ink a word is printed in, while the word itself names a different color
Recalling a list of words presented in a specific order
Identifying the shape of a visual stimulus
Solving arithmetic problems under time pressure
#9
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing selective attention?
Salience
Expectation
Perceptual set
Sensory adaptation
#10
The concept of 'schemas' in cognitive psychology refers to:
Mental frameworks that organize and interpret information
Processes involved in encoding information into memory
Techniques for problem-solving and decision-making
The storage capacity of sensory memory
#11
The concept of 'top-down processing' in perception refers to:
Processing sensory input from the environment to construct a perceptual experience
Using existing knowledge and expectations to interpret incoming sensory information
Analyzing individual sensory features to form a unified perception
Refining perceptual interpretations based on feedback from the environment
#12
Which of the following phenomena BEST illustrates the principle of 'change blindness'?
Failing to notice a gorilla walking through a basketball game while counting the number of passes
Quickly adapting to a loud noise in a noisy environment
Perceiving a constant tone as rising or falling in pitch over time
Seeing a series of images in rapid succession and failing to detect changes between them
#13
According to the levels-of-processing model, which type of encoding leads to the strongest memory traces?
Structural encoding
Phonemic encoding
Semantic encoding
Episodic encoding
#14
The 'cocktail party effect' refers to the ability to:
Attend to multiple sensory inputs simultaneously
Filter out irrelevant information in a noisy environment
Shift attention rapidly between different stimuli
Focus attention on a single conversation amidst background noise
#15
Which of the following phenomena is associated with the concept of 'inattentional blindness'?
Failing to perceive an unexpected stimulus when attention is focused elsewhere
The tendency to overlook information that contradicts existing beliefs
Retaining information in memory for a limited duration
The inability to recognize familiar faces