#1
Which Gestalt principle suggests that objects that are close together are perceived as a group?
Proximity
ExplanationObjects near each other are seen as belonging together.
#2
Which of the following is a characteristic of working memory according to Baddeley's model?
Limited capacity
ExplanationWorking memory has a limited capacity for information.
#3
Which of the following best characterizes the process of 'encoding' in memory?
Transforming sensory information into a form that can be stored in memory
ExplanationConverting information into a storable form.
#4
Which of the following Gestalt principles involves the perception of a continuous pattern rather than multiple discontinuous elements?
Continuity
ExplanationPerceiving smooth, continuous patterns.
#5
Which type of memory is responsible for storing information about events and experiences that have happened to an individual?
Episodic memory
ExplanationMemory for personal experiences and events.
#6
In cognitive psychology, the term 'chunking' refers to:
Grouping information into larger, more meaningful units
ExplanationBreaking information into manageable chunks.
#7
Which of the following is NOT a stage in Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi-store model of memory?
Intermediate memory
ExplanationIntermediate memory is not part of the model.
#8
The Stroop effect demonstrates interference in cognitive processing by:
Naming the color of ink a word is printed in, while the word itself names a different color
ExplanationInterference between word meaning and ink color.
#9
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing selective attention?
Sensory adaptation
ExplanationSensory adaptation does not affect selective attention.
#10
The concept of 'schemas' in cognitive psychology refers to:
Mental frameworks that organize and interpret information
ExplanationOrganizational structures for interpreting information.
#11
The concept of 'top-down processing' in perception refers to:
Using existing knowledge and expectations to interpret incoming sensory information
ExplanationInterpreting sensory information based on prior knowledge.
#12
Which of the following phenomena BEST illustrates the principle of 'change blindness'?
Seeing a series of images in rapid succession and failing to detect changes between them
ExplanationFailing to notice changes in a visual scene.
#13
According to the levels-of-processing model, which type of encoding leads to the strongest memory traces?
Semantic encoding
ExplanationEncoding information by meaning leads to stronger memory.
#14
The 'cocktail party effect' refers to the ability to:
Focus attention on a single conversation amidst background noise
ExplanationSelective attention to one conversation in a noisy environment.
#15
Which of the following phenomena is associated with the concept of 'inattentional blindness'?
Failing to perceive an unexpected stimulus when attention is focused elsewhere
ExplanationMissing unexpected stimuli due to focused attention.