#1
Who is considered the father of epidemiology?
Florence Nightingale
John Snow
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch
#2
Which of the following best defines epidemiology?
The study of hereditary diseases
The study of infectious diseases
The study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease in populations
The study of mental health disorders
#3
Which of the following is an example of a vector-borne disease?
HIV/AIDS
Influenza
Malaria
Tuberculosis
#4
What is the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in epidemiology?
To conduct research on the effectiveness of vaccines
To provide guidelines for disease surveillance and control
To manufacture and distribute medications globally
To develop new diagnostic tests for infectious diseases
#5
Which of the following is a core component of the epidemiological triad?
Environment
Socioeconomic status
Access to healthcare
Genetic predisposition
#6
Which of the following is an example of a non-communicable disease?
Influenza
HIV/AIDS
Diabetes
Tuberculosis
#7
What is the basic reproduction number (R0) in epidemiology?
The number of individuals who become infected over a specific period
The average duration of infectiousness
The number of secondary cases generated by one primary case in a susceptible population
The total number of individuals in a population
#8
Which of the following is NOT a type of epidemiological study design?
Case-control study
Randomized controlled trial
Cohort study
Cross-sectional study
#9
What is the difference between prevalence and incidence in epidemiology?
Prevalence measures the number of new cases, while incidence measures the total number of cases.
Prevalence measures the total number of cases, while incidence measures the number of new cases.
Prevalence measures the proportion of people with a disease at a specific point in time, while incidence measures the probability of developing a disease over a specified period.
Prevalence measures the probability of developing a disease over a specified period, while incidence measures the proportion of people with a disease at a specific point in time.
#10
What is the purpose of a control group in epidemiological studies?
To provide a standard for comparison to assess the effect of an exposure
To ensure that all participants receive the same treatment
To eliminate confounding variables
To increase the statistical power of the study
#11
What is the main goal of outbreak investigation in epidemiology?
To prevent the occurrence of future outbreaks
To identify the source of infection and control the spread
To estimate the prevalence of the disease
To study the long-term effects of the outbreak on the population
#12
Which of the following best describes the concept of herd immunity?
When a large proportion of the population is vaccinated, providing indirect protection to those who are not immune
When a disease spreads rapidly through a population, affecting a large number of individuals
When individuals within a population develop immunity to a disease through natural infection
When a disease is eradicated globally, leading to no further cases
#13
What does 'incidence rate' measure in epidemiology?
The proportion of people with a disease at a specific point in time
The probability of developing a disease over a specified period
The total number of cases of a disease in a population
The number of deaths due to a disease in a population
#14
What is the primary purpose of using statistical methods in epidemiology?
To manipulate data to support a predetermined hypothesis
To estimate the prevalence of a disease in a population
To identify associations between exposures and outcomes
To generate random data for analysis
#15
What is the purpose of standardization in epidemiological studies?
To adjust for differences in age, sex, or other factors when comparing populations
To ensure that all participants receive the same treatment
To eliminate confounding variables
To increase the precision of the study's estimates
#16
What is the purpose of the Koch's postulates in epidemiology?
To establish the etiology of infectious diseases
To identify the primary risk factors associated with chronic diseases
To determine the effectiveness of vaccines
To measure the prevalence of non-communicable diseases
#17
What is the primary purpose of randomization in a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
To ensure that all participants receive the same treatment
To increase the likelihood of detecting an effect of the intervention
To eliminate selection bias and confounding variables
To ensure blinding of participants and investigators