#1
What does the term 'preload' refer to in cardiovascular physiology?
The amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole
The pressure the heart must overcome to eject blood during systole
The force generated by the heart's contraction
The resistance to blood flow in the systemic circulation
#2
Which of the following factors can affect systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
Blood viscosity
Heart rate
Stroke volume
Capillary permeability
#3
Which of the following hemodynamic parameters is calculated using the formula MAP = (SBP + 2 * DBP) / 3?
Cardiac output
Systemic vascular resistance
Mean arterial pressure
Pulmonary vascular resistance
#4
What is the primary function of the Swan-Ganz catheter?
Measurement of cardiac output
Assessment of pulmonary artery pressure
Monitoring of systemic vascular resistance
Evaluation of left ventricular function
#5
What is the primary role of the baroreceptor reflex in cardiovascular physiology?
To regulate heart rate and blood pressure
To regulate blood pH
To control respiratory rate
To regulate body temperature
#6
Which of the following is NOT a component of the Starling curve?
Stroke volume
Preload
Contractility
Afterload
#7
What is the primary function of the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC)?
Measurement of left ventricular function
Continuous blood pressure monitoring
Measurement of central venous pressure (CVP)
Assessment of cardiac output and filling pressures
#8
Which of the following is NOT a determinant of cardiac output?
Heart rate
Preload
Afterload
Total body water content
#9
Which of the following factors can increase preload?
Hypovolemia
Vasodilation
Decreased sympathetic stimulation
Decreased venous return
#10
What is the primary determinant of stroke volume?
Preload
Afterload
Heart rate
Contractility
#11
What is the primary method for measuring cardiac output using a pulmonary artery catheter?
Fick principle
Arterial pressure monitoring
Thoracic electrical bioimpedance
Doppler ultrasound
#12
Which of the following factors can lead to an increase in afterload?
Decreased arterial vasoconstriction
Decreased systemic vascular resistance
Hypotension
Aortic stenosis
#13
What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?
The ability of the heart to generate force regardless of preload
The relationship between myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow
The intrinsic regulation of heart rate by the autonomic nervous system
The increase in cardiac contractility in response to an increase in preload
#14
Which of the following is a characteristic of diastolic heart failure?
Impaired ventricular relaxation
Elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
Decreased ejection fraction
Enlarged left ventricular chamber size
#15
What is the primary mechanism of action of inotropic medications?
Decreasing heart rate
Reducing preload
Increasing myocardial contractility
Dilating blood vessels
#16
What is the primary goal of vasopressor therapy in hemodynamic management?
To decrease heart rate
To increase preload
To increase blood pressure
To decrease afterload
#17
Which of the following statements about preload is correct?
Preload is directly proportional to afterload
Preload is determined by venous return to the heart
Preload is decreased in hypovolemic shock
Preload is increased in septic shock