#1
What does the term 'preload' refer to in cardiovascular physiology?
The amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole
ExplanationPreload measures blood volume in the ventricle at diastole's end.
#2
Which of the following factors can affect systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
Blood viscosity
ExplanationSystemic vascular resistance is influenced by blood viscosity.
#3
Which of the following hemodynamic parameters is calculated using the formula MAP = (SBP + 2 * DBP) / 3?
Mean arterial pressure
ExplanationMean arterial pressure is calculated using the MAP formula.
#4
What is the primary function of the Swan-Ganz catheter?
Assessment of pulmonary artery pressure
ExplanationSwan-Ganz catheter assesses pulmonary artery pressure.
#5
What is the primary role of the baroreceptor reflex in cardiovascular physiology?
To regulate heart rate and blood pressure
ExplanationBaroreceptor reflex regulates heart rate and blood pressure.
#6
Which of the following is NOT a component of the Starling curve?
Afterload
ExplanationAfterload is not a component of the Starling curve.
#7
What is the primary function of the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC)?
Assessment of cardiac output and filling pressures
ExplanationPulmonary artery catheter assesses cardiac output and filling pressures.
#8
Which of the following is NOT a determinant of cardiac output?
Total body water content
ExplanationTotal body water content does not directly determine cardiac output.
#9
Which of the following factors can increase preload?
Decreased sympathetic stimulation
ExplanationReduced sympathetic stimulation increases preload.
#10
What is the primary determinant of stroke volume?
Preload
ExplanationPreload is the key determinant of stroke volume.
#11
What is the primary method for measuring cardiac output using a pulmonary artery catheter?
Fick principle
ExplanationCardiac output measured with the Fick principle using a pulmonary artery catheter.
#12
Which of the following factors can lead to an increase in afterload?
Aortic stenosis
ExplanationAortic stenosis leads to an increase in afterload.
#13
What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?
The increase in cardiac contractility in response to an increase in preload
ExplanationFrank-Starling mechanism: increased contractility with higher preload.
#14
Which of the following is a characteristic of diastolic heart failure?
Elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
ExplanationDiastolic heart failure is characterized by elevated end-diastolic pressure.
#15
What is the primary mechanism of action of inotropic medications?
Increasing myocardial contractility
ExplanationInotropic medications act by increasing myocardial contractility.
#16
What is the primary goal of vasopressor therapy in hemodynamic management?
To increase blood pressure
ExplanationVasopressor therapy aims to increase blood pressure.
#17
Which of the following statements about preload is correct?
Preload is determined by venous return to the heart
ExplanationPreload is determined by venous return to the heart.