#1
According to social learning theory, gender development primarily occurs through:
Biological factors
Socialization and observational learning
Innate tendencies
Cognitive maturation
#2
According to cognitive-developmental theory, at what age do children typically acquire a stable gender identity?
6-8 years
3-4 years
10-12 years
13-15 years
#3
What is the term used to describe the sense of being male or female?
Sexual orientation
Gender identity
Gender expression
Gender role
#4
What is the term used to describe the internal psychological sense of being male, female, or something else?
Gender expression
Gender identity
Gender role
Sexual orientation
#5
Which of the following is NOT a stage in Kohlberg's theory of gender development?
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
Transitional
#6
Which psychoanalytic theorist proposed the Electra complex as a counterpart to the Oedipus complex?
Sigmund Freud
Erik Erikson
Carl Jung
Karen Horney
#7
What is the main focus of the biosocial theory of gender development?
Biological factors exclusively
Social factors exclusively
Interaction between biological and social factors
Cognitive factors
#8
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of social learning theory in explaining gender development?
Underestimation of biological influences
Inadequate emphasis on cognitive processes
Overemphasis on observational learning
Failure to account for individual differences
#9
Which of the following best describes the concept of gender constancy?
Consistent identification with one's biological sex
Understanding that gender remains stable over time
Flexibility in gender expression
Acceptance of diverse gender identities
#10
According to social cognitive theory, what plays a central role in the development of gender identity?
Biological predispositions
Reinforcement and punishment
Cognitive processes and social influences
Parental attitudes
#11
Which theory suggests that individuals actively construct their gender identities based on their interpretations of social roles and expectations?
Gender schema theory
Psychoanalytic theory
Social role theory
Biopsychosocial theory
#12
In which stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development does gender identity formation typically occur?
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
#13
Which perspective emphasizes the role of power dynamics and societal structures in shaping gender identities?
Feminist theory
Functionalism
Conflict theory
Symbolic interactionism
#14
What is the main critique of evolutionary psychology regarding gender development?
It underestimates the influence of culture
It ignores the role of genetics
It overlooks individual differences
It overemphasizes biological determinism