#1
Which of the following is a fundamental principle of ethical research in psychology?
Deception is always acceptable
Informed consent
Manipulation without participant knowledge
Confidentiality is optional
#2
What is the Hawthorne effect in psychological research?
Participants altering their behavior due to being observed
The use of placebo effects in experiments
A statistical analysis technique
A form of experimental bias
#3
What is the purpose of a pilot study in psychological research?
To manipulate independent variables
To collect data from the entire sample
To test the feasibility of the research design
To analyze the final results
#4
What is the fundamental difference between a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study?
Cross-sectional studies use a control group, while longitudinal studies do not
Cross-sectional studies collect data from the same individuals over time, while longitudinal studies collect data from different individuals at one point in time
Longitudinal studies involve manipulation of variables, while cross-sectional studies do not
Cross-sectional studies are only conducted in psychology, while longitudinal studies are conducted in various fields
#5
What is the primary advantage of using a double-blind procedure in a psychological experiment?
It increases the likelihood of a Type I error
It prevents the participants from knowing the experimental conditions
It eliminates the need for a control group
It enhances the researcher's knowledge of the study
#6
What is the purpose of a control group in an experimental study?
To receive the experimental treatment
To provide a baseline for comparison
To ensure random assignment
To collect observational data
#7
In a correlation coefficient, what does a positive value indicate?
No relationship between variables
A negative relationship between variables
A positive relationship between variables
An experimental design
#8
What is a quasi-experimental design?
An experimental design with a control group
A research design that lacks a control group
An observational study
A longitudinal study
#9
What is the purpose of a double-blind procedure in a psychological experiment?
To eliminate the need for a control group
To prevent the researcher from knowing the experimental conditions
To ensure participants are well-informed
To manipulate independent variables
#10
In the context of research ethics, what is plagiarism?
Using one's own ideas without proper citation
Stealing someone else's ideas or work without giving credit
An acceptable practice in academic writing
Providing proper acknowledgment for all sources used
#11
What is the purpose of random assignment in an experimental study?
To ensure all participants have equal characteristics
To create groups with similar characteristics
To minimize pre-existing differences between groups
To manipulate the independent variable
#12
What is the primary purpose of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in psychological research?
To conduct statistical analyses
To ensure research participants' rights and well-being
To develop research hypotheses
To publish research findings
#13
What is the difference between reliability and validity in psychological measurement?
Reliability refers to consistency, while validity refers to accuracy
Reliability refers to accuracy, while validity refers to consistency
They are synonymous terms
Neither reliability nor validity matters in psychological measurement
#14
In a normal distribution, what percentage of data falls within one standard deviation from the mean?
#15
What is demand characteristics in a research study?
Characteristics of participants that affect the study's outcome
Cues that suggest the researcher's expectations to participants
An ethical review board's requirements
The study's limitations
#16
What is a Type I error in hypothesis testing?
Rejecting a true null hypothesis
Failing to reject a false null hypothesis
Accepting a false null hypothesis
Failing to reject a true null hypothesis
#17
What is the purpose of statistical significance in psychological research?
To determine the practical importance of results
To indicate the likelihood that results occurred by chance
To establish causation
To eliminate the need for replication