#1
Which of the following is an example of a reflex that newborns exhibit?
Crawling
Grasping
Walking
Speaking
#2
What does the term 'nature' refer to in the context of developmental psychology?
Inherited biological factors
Environmental influences
Social interactions
Personal experiences
#3
Which developmental theorist proposed the stages of cognitive development, including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages?
Sigmund Freud
Albert Bandura
Jean Piaget
Erik Erikson
#4
What is the term used to describe the genetically determined range of characteristics that an individual can express under different environmental conditions?
Genetic diversity
Phenotype
Genotype
Reaction range
#5
What is the term used to describe the field of study that focuses on how genes and environment interact to influence individual differences in behavior and development?
Epigenetics
Genomic imprinting
Polygenic inheritance
Gene-environment interaction
#6
Which of the following statements best describes the concept of 'critical periods' in development?
Specific stages in development during which certain experiences must occur for normal development to proceed
A stage where children demonstrate rapid language acquisition
The ability of the brain to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections
The period during which the individual is most susceptible to peer influences
#7
Who is known for the concept of the 'strange situation' as a method to assess attachment in infants?
Mary Ainsworth
John Bowlby
Lawrence Kohlberg
Urie Bronfenbrenner
#8
Which of the following genetic disorders is characterized by an extra chromosome 21, resulting in intellectual disabilities and distinct physical features?
Turner syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Down syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
#9
Which of the following is NOT a type of gene-environment correlation?
Passive gene-environment correlation
Active gene-environment correlation
Bidirectional gene-environment correlation
Indirect gene-environment correlation
#10
According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the primary developmental task during infancy?
Identity vs. role confusion
Integrity vs. despair
Trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
#11
In what way do monozygotic twins differ from dizygotic twins?
Monozygotic twins share 50% of their genes, while dizygotic twins share 100%.
Monozygotic twins develop from two separate fertilized eggs, while dizygotic twins develop from a single fertilized egg.
Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes, while dizygotic twins share 50%.
Monozygotic twins share the same placenta, while dizygotic twins have separate placentas.
#12
Which of the following brain structures is primarily responsible for emotional regulation and fear responses?
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Prefrontal cortex
Thalamus