#1
Which of the following is an example of a reflex that newborns exhibit?
Grasping
ExplanationInstinctive response where newborns grasp objects placed in their palms.
#2
What does the term 'nature' refer to in the context of developmental psychology?
Inherited biological factors
ExplanationBiological traits inherited from parents influencing development.
#3
Which developmental theorist proposed the stages of cognitive development, including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages?
Jean Piaget
ExplanationSwiss psychologist who introduced stages of cognitive development.
#4
What is the term used to describe the genetically determined range of characteristics that an individual can express under different environmental conditions?
Reaction range
ExplanationRange of possible traits influenced by genetics and environment.
#5
What is the term used to describe the field of study that focuses on how genes and environment interact to influence individual differences in behavior and development?
Gene-environment interaction
ExplanationStudy of how genetic and environmental factors shape behavior.
#6
Which of the following statements best describes the concept of 'critical periods' in development?
Specific stages in development during which certain experiences must occur for normal development to proceed
ExplanationCrucial periods where certain experiences are vital for development.
#7
Who is known for the concept of the 'strange situation' as a method to assess attachment in infants?
Mary Ainsworth
ExplanationPsychologist who developed the 'strange situation' method for assessing attachment.
#8
Which of the following genetic disorders is characterized by an extra chromosome 21, resulting in intellectual disabilities and distinct physical features?
Down syndrome
ExplanationGenetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21.
#9
Which of the following is NOT a type of gene-environment correlation?
Indirect gene-environment correlation
ExplanationType of gene-environment correlation where genes indirectly influence environments.
#10
According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the primary developmental task during infancy?
Trust vs. mistrust
ExplanationPsychosocial crisis during infancy involving trust in caregivers.
#11
In what way do monozygotic twins differ from dizygotic twins?
Monozygotic twins develop from two separate fertilized eggs, while dizygotic twins develop from a single fertilized egg.
ExplanationDifference in twin formation: monozygotic from two fertilized eggs, dizygotic from one.
#12
Which of the following brain structures is primarily responsible for emotional regulation and fear responses?
Amygdala
ExplanationBrain region crucial for processing emotions and fear.