#1
What is the primary goal of correlational studies?
To establish causation between variables
To describe the relationship between variables
To manipulate variables for experimental outcomes
To predict future events
#2
What is the purpose of a control group in an experimental design?
To manipulate the independent variable
To serve as a baseline for comparison with the experimental group
To ensure external validity
To eliminate extraneous variables
#3
What does it mean if a correlation coefficient is close to 0?
There is a strong positive correlation
There is a strong negative correlation
There is no linear relationship between the variables
There is a perfect positive correlation
#4
What is a potential disadvantage of using self-report measures in correlational research?
They are expensive and time-consuming
They may be affected by social desirability bias
They provide objective and unbiased data
They are suitable for all types of research
#5
What is a confounding variable in experimental research?
The variable being manipulated by the researcher
A variable that interferes with the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
A variable used to control for extraneous factors
A variable that is measured in the study
#6
Which correlation coefficient indicates a perfect positive linear relationship between two variables?
#7
In a cross-sectional study, how is data collected?
Over an extended period of time with repeated measurements
At a single point in time or over a very short period
Through detailed observation of a single individual
By manipulating variables to observe their effects
#8
Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates a strong negative linear relationship between two variables?
#9
What is the purpose of random assignment in experimental research?
To ensure participants are unaware of the study's purpose
To control for extraneous variables and distribute them evenly among groups
To manipulate the independent variable
To select participants from a random population
#10
What is a potential drawback of longitudinal studies?
They are expensive and time-consuming
They lack external validity
They cannot establish cause-and-effect relationships
They involve random assignment of participants
#11
In a retrospective study, when is the data collected?
During the study period
Before the study begins
After the study has concluded
At a single point in time
#12
Which of the following is a limitation of correlational research?
Establishing causation
High external validity
Manipulation of variables
Control over extraneous variables
#13
What is the purpose of a longitudinal study?
To study the cross-sectional differences
To observe changes in a group over an extended period
To manipulate variables for experimental outcomes
To establish a cause-and-effect relationship
#14
In a quasi-experimental design, what is a key characteristic that distinguishes it from a true experimental design?
Random assignment of participants
Manipulation of the independent variable
Use of a control group
Lack of random assignment
#15
Which of the following is an advantage of experimental research over correlational research?
Allows for the study of naturally occurring relationships
Provides evidence for cause-and-effect relationships
Does not require ethical approval
Focuses on descriptive statistics
#16
What is the main advantage of a repeated measures design in experimental research?
It eliminates order effects
It controls for individual differences
It ensures high external validity
It allows for manipulation of the independent variable
#17
Which type of validity refers to the extent to which study results can be generalized to real-world settings?
Internal validity
External validity
Construct validity
Statistical validity