#1
Which of the following is NOT a cause of cellular injury?
Hypoxia
Ionizing radiation
Nutritional excess
Free radicals
#2
Which type of cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the size of cells?
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
#3
Which of the following is NOT a type of reversible cell injury?
Cellular swelling
Fatty change
Loss of microvilli
Pyknosis
#4
Which of the following is a hallmark feature of reversible cell injury?
Membrane blebbing
Mitochondrial swelling
Chromatin condensation
Loss of ribosomes
#5
Which of the following is NOT a feature of apoptosis?
Cellular swelling
Fragmentation into apoptotic bodies
DNA fragmentation
Activation of caspases
#6
Which cellular component is primarily affected by hypoxic injury?
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
#7
What is the main mechanism of cell injury caused by ionizing radiation?
Oxidative stress
Apoptosis
Cell cycle arrest
DNA damage
#8
What is the term for programmed cell death?
Necrosis
Apoptosis
Autophagy
Pyroptosis
#9
Which type of necrosis is characterized by liquefaction of tissue?
Coagulative necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Gangrenous necrosis
Fat necrosis
#10
Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins involved in the response to cellular injury?
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosomes
#11
Which of the following is characteristic of irreversible cell injury?
Swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrial permeability transition
Chromatin condensation
Decreased cytoplasmic calcium
#12
What is the major consequence of excessive calcium influx into cells?
Activation of phospholipase A2
Activation of protein kinases
Inhibition of calmodulin
Inhibition of caspases
#13
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of apoptosis?
Cell shrinkage
Membrane blebbing
Inflammation
DNA fragmentation
#14
What is the main mediator of inflammation in necrotic cell death?
Interferons
Interleukins
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
#15
What is the term for the process by which a cell adapts to a persistent but sublethal injury?
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia
Hypertrophy