#1
Which of the following cellular adaptations involves an increase in cell size?
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
#2
Which type of cellular adaptation is typically seen in response to prolonged stress or hormonal stimulation?
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
#3
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of apoptosis?
Cellular swelling
Inflammation
Cell shrinkage
Increased cell size
#4
Which type of cellular injury is caused by an insufficient oxygen supply to tissues?
Ischemic injury
Chemical injury
Physical injury
Infectious injury
#5
Which type of necrosis is typically seen in the brain following ischemic injury?
Coagulative necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Gangrenous necrosis
#6
What is the term for programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms?
Apoptosis
Necrosis
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
#7
Which type of necrosis is commonly observed in immune-mediated vasculitis?
Coagulative necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Fibrinoid necrosis
#8
Which of the following is a reversible cellular injury?
Necrosis
Apoptosis
Ischemia
Swelling
#9
What is the term for abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of cells?
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
#10
Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of reversible cell injury?
Cellular swelling
Mitochondrial dysfunction
Membrane blebbing
Dilation of endoplasmic reticulum
#11
Which type of necrosis is typically associated with tuberculosis infections?
Coagulative necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Fat necrosis
#12
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of coagulative necrosis?
Tissue liquefaction
Formation of cheesy material
Preservation of tissue architecture
Black discoloration of tissues
#13
Which type of necrosis is typically seen in the pancreas following acute pancreatitis?
Coagulative necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Fat necrosis
#14
Which of the following is characteristic of necrosis?
Programmed cell death
Pathological process
Physiological response
Cell shrinkage
#15
Which of the following is an example of metaplasia?
Change of columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium in the respiratory tract
Increase in the size of cardiac muscle cells in response to hypertension
Development of scar tissue in the liver
Increase in the number of cells in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle
#16
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of dystrophic calcification?
Calcium deposits in normal tissues
Calcium deposits in necrotic tissues
Rapid formation of calcium phosphate crystals
Decreased serum calcium levels
#17
Which of the following cellular adaptations is considered a preneoplastic change?
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
#18
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of metaplasia?
Tissue liquefaction
Formation of cheesy material
Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
Preservation of tissue architecture
#19
Which of the following cellular adaptations is considered a precursor to cancer?
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia