#1
Which of the following cellular adaptations involves an increase in cell size?
Hypertrophy
ExplanationEnlargement of individual cells without cell division.
#2
Which type of cellular adaptation is typically seen in response to prolonged stress or hormonal stimulation?
Hyperplasia
ExplanationIncrease in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.
#3
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of apoptosis?
Cell shrinkage
ExplanationProgrammed cell death involving cell shrinkage and fragmentation.
#4
Which type of cellular injury is caused by an insufficient oxygen supply to tissues?
Ischemic injury
ExplanationTissue damage due to inadequate blood supply.
#5
Which type of necrosis is typically seen in the brain following ischemic injury?
Liquefactive necrosis
ExplanationRapid dissolution of dead cells, creating a liquid mass.
#6
What is the term for programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms?
Apoptosis
ExplanationRegulated and orderly cell death.
#7
Which type of necrosis is commonly observed in immune-mediated vasculitis?
Fibrinoid necrosis
ExplanationDeposition of fibrin-like proteinaceous material in vessel walls.
#8
Which of the following is a reversible cellular injury?
Swelling
ExplanationAccumulation of water in cells causing them to swell.
#9
What is the term for abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of cells?
Dysplasia
ExplanationAbnormal growth or development of cells.
#10
Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of reversible cell injury?
Mitochondrial dysfunction
ExplanationImpaired cellular energy production is a hallmark of irreversible injury.
#11
Which type of necrosis is typically associated with tuberculosis infections?
Caseous necrosis
ExplanationDead cells persist as a soft, cheese-like debris.
#12
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of coagulative necrosis?
Preservation of tissue architecture
ExplanationDead tissue maintains its structure for a time.
#13
Which type of necrosis is typically seen in the pancreas following acute pancreatitis?
Fat necrosis
ExplanationEnzymatic destruction of fat, resulting in inflammation.
#14
Which of the following is characteristic of necrosis?
Pathological process
ExplanationDeath of cells in living tissue.
#15
Which of the following is an example of metaplasia?
Change of columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium in the respiratory tract
ExplanationReplacement of one differentiated cell type with another.
#16
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of dystrophic calcification?
Calcium deposits in necrotic tissues
ExplanationAbnormal deposition of calcium salts in injured tissues.
#17
Which of the following cellular adaptations is considered a preneoplastic change?
Dysplasia
ExplanationAbnormal cell growth that may precede cancer development.
#18
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of metaplasia?
Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
ExplanationTransformation of one cell type into another, typically in response to injury or stress.
#19
Which of the following cellular adaptations is considered a precursor to cancer?
Dysplasia
ExplanationAbnormal cell growth that may progress to cancer.