#1
What is the term for systematically applying learning principles to change behavior?
Cognitive restructuring
Behavior modification
Psychoanalysis
Systematic desensitization
#2
In behavior modification, what does 'positive reinforcement' involve?
Adding a stimulus to decrease a behavior
Removing a stimulus to decrease a behavior
Adding a stimulus to increase a behavior
Removing a stimulus to increase a behavior
#3
Which of the following is an example of a 'conditioned reinforcer'?
Money
Food
Water
Natural light
#4
What does 'extinction' refer to in behavior modification?
The reinforcement of a behavior after it has stopped
The spontaneous recovery of a behavior after it has stopped
The gradual decrease in the frequency of a behavior after it is no longer reinforced
The sudden elimination of a behavior after it is no longer reinforced
#5
What does the term 'token economy' refer to in behavior modification?
A system of rewards used to reinforce desirable behaviors
A form of punishment for undesirable behaviors
A method of extinction
A technique for classical conditioning
#6
What is 'generalization' in behavior modification?
The tendency for a behavior to occur more frequently in a specific situation
The tendency for a behavior to occur in situations similar to the one in which it was reinforced
The process of unlearning a behavior
The tendency for a behavior to decrease after the removal of reinforcement
#7
What is 'behavioral contracting' in behavior modification?
A form of punishment for undesirable behaviors
A method of extinction
An agreement between individuals specifying the behaviors expected of each party
A technique for classical conditioning
#8
In behavior modification, what does 'response cost' involve?
Adding a stimulus to decrease a behavior
Removing a stimulus to decrease a behavior
Adding a punishment to decrease a behavior
Removing a reinforcement to decrease a behavior
#9
What is 'aversive conditioning' in behavior modification?
A technique used to increase the likelihood of a behavior through reinforcement
A method of extinction
A procedure that pairs an undesirable behavior with an unpleasant stimulus
A technique for classical conditioning
#10
What does the term 'time-out' refer to in behavior modification?
A period during which reinforcement is withheld following a behavior
A method of extinction
A form of reinforcement for desirable behaviors
A technique for classical conditioning
#11
What is 'contingency contracting' in behavior modification?
A form of punishment for undesirable behaviors
An agreement specifying the consequences of behaviors
A technique for classical conditioning
A method of extinction
#12
In behavior modification, what is a 'variable-interval schedule'?
A reinforcement schedule where a behavior is reinforced after a fixed number of responses
A reinforcement schedule where a behavior is reinforced after a fixed amount of time
A reinforcement schedule where the timing between reinforcements varies
A reinforcement schedule where a behavior is reinforced at random intervals
#13
What is 'shaping' in behavior modification?
Gradually molding or training an individual to exhibit a specific behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of that behavior
Punishing an individual for undesirable behavior
Removing a reinforcer to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
Using negative reinforcement to increase a behavior
#14
In operant conditioning, what is a 'discriminative stimulus'?
A stimulus that elicits an automatic response
A stimulus that signals when a particular response will be reinforced
A stimulus that is naturally reinforcing
A stimulus that is aversive
#15
What does 'chaining' refer to in behavior modification?
Linking a series of behaviors to form a complex behavior sequence
Removing reinforcement to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
Using positive punishment to decrease a behavior
Gradually increasing the difficulty of a behavior
#16
What is 'satiation' in behavior modification?
The process of reinforcing a behavior immediately after it occurs
The gradual decrease in the effectiveness of a reinforcer after repeated use
The process of reinforcing a behavior only occasionally
The decrease in the frequency of a behavior due to excessive reinforcement
#17
What is 'habit reversal training' used for in behavior modification?
To reinforce new habits
To eliminate unwanted habits or tics
To condition individuals to respond automatically to specific cues
To extinguish problematic behaviors through repeated exposure
#18
In behavior modification, what does 'self-monitoring' involve?
Observing and recording one's behavior
Analyzing the behavior of others
Controlling external factors influencing behavior
Implementing reinforcement schedules
#19
What is 'response generalization' in behavior modification?
The tendency for a behavior to occur in a specific situation
The tendency for a behavior to occur in situations similar to the one in which it was reinforced
The process of unlearning a behavior
The tendency for a behavior to extend to new but similar situations
#20
What is 'overcorrection' used for in behavior modification?
To reinforce desirable behaviors
To decrease the likelihood of undesirable behaviors through restitution
To extinguish problematic behaviors through repeated exposure
To gradually increase the difficulty of a behavior
#21
In behavior modification, what is a 'fixed-ratio schedule'?
A reinforcement schedule where a behavior is reinforced after a fixed number of responses
A reinforcement schedule where a behavior is reinforced after a fixed amount of time
A reinforcement schedule where the timing between reinforcements varies
A reinforcement schedule where a behavior is reinforced at random intervals
#22
What does 'response prevention' involve in behavior modification?
Preventing the occurrence of undesirable behaviors through environmental control
Allowing the occurrence of undesirable behaviors to analyze their antecedents
Preventing the individual from responding to reinforcers
Preventing the individual from observing others' behaviors
#23
What is 'response shaping' used for in behavior modification?
To reinforce desirable behaviors
To decrease the likelihood of undesirable behaviors through restitution
To mold or train an individual to exhibit a specific behavior by reinforcing successive approximations
To gradually increase the difficulty of a behavior
#24
In behavior modification, what does 'negative reinforcement' involve?
Adding a stimulus to decrease a behavior
Removing a stimulus to decrease a behavior
Adding a stimulus to increase a behavior
Removing a stimulus to increase a behavior
#25
What is 'response chaining' in behavior modification?
The linking of a series of behaviors to form a complex behavior sequence
The gradual decrease in the effectiveness of a reinforcer after repeated use
The process of reinforcing a behavior only occasionally
The decrease in the frequency of a behavior due to excessive reinforcement