#1
What is the term for systematically applying learning principles to change behavior?
Behavior modification
ExplanationApplication of learning principles to alter behavior systematically.
#2
In behavior modification, what does 'positive reinforcement' involve?
Adding a stimulus to increase a behavior
ExplanationIncreasing behavior by introducing a positive stimulus.
#3
Which of the following is an example of a 'conditioned reinforcer'?
Money
ExplanationMoney as a reinforcer linked with learned value.
#4
What does 'extinction' refer to in behavior modification?
The gradual decrease in the frequency of a behavior after it is no longer reinforced
ExplanationReduced behavior frequency post-withdrawal of reinforcement.
#5
What does the term 'token economy' refer to in behavior modification?
A system of rewards used to reinforce desirable behaviors
ExplanationReward system for reinforcing desirable behaviors.
#6
What is 'generalization' in behavior modification?
The tendency for a behavior to occur in situations similar to the one in which it was reinforced
ExplanationBehavior occurrence in similar situations.
#7
What is 'behavioral contracting' in behavior modification?
An agreement between individuals specifying the behaviors expected of each party
ExplanationAgreement specifying expected behaviors for individuals.
#8
In behavior modification, what does 'response cost' involve?
Removing a reinforcement to decrease a behavior
ExplanationDecreasing behavior by withdrawing reinforcement.
#9
What is 'aversive conditioning' in behavior modification?
A procedure that pairs an undesirable behavior with an unpleasant stimulus
ExplanationPairing undesirable behavior with an unpleasant stimulus.
#10
What does the term 'time-out' refer to in behavior modification?
A period during which reinforcement is withheld following a behavior
ExplanationReinforcement withholding period post-behavior.
#11
What is 'contingency contracting' in behavior modification?
An agreement specifying the consequences of behaviors
ExplanationAgreement specifying behavior consequences.
#12
In behavior modification, what is a 'variable-interval schedule'?
A reinforcement schedule where the timing between reinforcements varies
ExplanationReinforcement schedule with varying timing between reinforcements.
#13
What is 'shaping' in behavior modification?
Gradually molding or training an individual to exhibit a specific behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of that behavior
ExplanationMolding behavior through successive reinforcement steps.
#14
In operant conditioning, what is a 'discriminative stimulus'?
A stimulus that signals when a particular response will be reinforced
ExplanationStimulus signaling reinforced response timing.
#15
What does 'chaining' refer to in behavior modification?
Linking a series of behaviors to form a complex behavior sequence
ExplanationConnecting behaviors to create a complex sequence.
#16
What is 'satiation' in behavior modification?
The decrease in the frequency of a behavior due to excessive reinforcement
ExplanationReduced behavior frequency due to excessive reinforcement.
#17
What is 'habit reversal training' used for in behavior modification?
To eliminate unwanted habits or tics
ExplanationElimination of unwanted habits or tics through training.
#18
In behavior modification, what does 'self-monitoring' involve?
Observing and recording one's behavior
ExplanationObserving and recording personal behavior.
#19
What is 'response generalization' in behavior modification?
The tendency for a behavior to extend to new but similar situations
ExplanationBehavior extension to new, similar situations.
#20
What is 'overcorrection' used for in behavior modification?
To decrease the likelihood of undesirable behaviors through restitution
ExplanationDecreasing undesirable behaviors through restitution.
#21
In behavior modification, what is a 'fixed-ratio schedule'?
A reinforcement schedule where a behavior is reinforced after a fixed number of responses
ExplanationReinforcement after a fixed number of responses.
#22
What does 'response prevention' involve in behavior modification?
Preventing the occurrence of undesirable behaviors through environmental control
ExplanationPreventing undesirable behaviors through environmental control.
#23
What is 'response shaping' used for in behavior modification?
To mold or train an individual to exhibit a specific behavior by reinforcing successive approximations
ExplanationMolding behavior through reinforcing successive approximations.
#24
In behavior modification, what does 'negative reinforcement' involve?
Removing a stimulus to increase a behavior
ExplanationIncreasing behavior by removing a negative stimulus.
#25
What is 'response chaining' in behavior modification?
The linking of a series of behaviors to form a complex behavior sequence
ExplanationLinking behaviors to create a complex sequence.