#1
Which of the following is a primary buffer system in the human body?
Bicarbonate buffer system
Protein buffer system
Phosphate buffer system
All of the above
#2
What is the normal pH range of arterial blood?
6.8 - 7.2
7.35 - 7.45
7.0 - 7.5
7.6 - 8.0
#3
What is the normal range for arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2)?
35-45 mmHg
40-50 mmHg
25-35 mmHg
30-40 mmHg
#4
Which of the following organs plays a primary role in regulating bicarbonate levels in the body?
Liver
Kidneys
Lungs
Pancreas
#5
Which of the following is NOT a component of the arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis?
pH
Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)
Partial pressure of nitrogen (PN2)
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
#6
Which of the following is a characteristic of respiratory acidosis?
Increased arterial pH
Decreased arterial CO2 levels
Compensatory metabolic alkalosis
Hypoventilation
#7
Which of the following conditions would lead to respiratory acidosis?
Hypoventilation
Hyperventilation
Increased metabolic rate
Alkalosis
#8
What does a decrease in arterial carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration indicate?
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
#9
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used for in acid-base physiology?
To calculate the concentration of bicarbonate ions
To determine the pH of a solution
To assess the buffering capacity of a solution
To relate the pH of a solution to the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid
#10
Which of the following is a compensatory response to metabolic acidosis?
Decreased ventilation rate
Increased ventilation rate
Decreased renal reabsorption of bicarbonate
Increased renal excretion of hydrogen ions
#11
Which of the following conditions is associated with a decreased anion gap?
Renal failure
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Lactic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
#12
What is the typical compensation mechanism for respiratory alkalosis?
Decreased renal excretion of bicarbonate
Increased renal excretion of bicarbonate
Increased production of carbonic acid
Decreased production of carbonic acid
#13
Which of the following parameters is measured directly by a blood gas analyzer?
pH
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Base excess
Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)
#14
What does an increased anion gap suggest in the context of acid-base balance?
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
#15
What is the primary role of carbonic anhydrase in acid-base balance?
To catalyze the breakdown of carbonic acid into water and carbon dioxide
To catalyze the synthesis of carbonic acid from water and carbon dioxide
To catalyze the conversion of bicarbonate ions to carbon dioxide
To catalyze the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ions
#16
What is the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration?
Directly proportional
Inversely proportional
No relationship
Dependent on bicarbonate levels