#1
Which of the following is a primary buffer system in the human body?
Bicarbonate buffer system
ExplanationRegulates pH by balancing bicarbonate and carbonic acid.
#2
What is the normal pH range of arterial blood?
7.35 - 7.45
ExplanationOptimal pH range for normal physiological functioning.
#3
What is the normal range for arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2)?
35-45 mmHg
ExplanationTypical range of CO2 pressure in arterial blood for normal function.
#4
Which of the following organs plays a primary role in regulating bicarbonate levels in the body?
Kidneys
ExplanationRegulates bicarbonate reabsorption and secretion.
#5
Which of the following is NOT a component of the arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis?
Partial pressure of nitrogen (PN2)
ExplanationNitrogen is not directly measured in ABG.
#6
Which of the following is a characteristic of respiratory acidosis?
Hypoventilation
ExplanationAccumulation of CO2 due to inadequate ventilation.
#7
Which of the following conditions would lead to respiratory acidosis?
Hypoventilation
ExplanationDecreased ventilation causes carbon dioxide buildup, leading to acidity.
#8
What does a decrease in arterial carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration indicate?
Respiratory alkalosis
ExplanationLow CO2 levels cause alkalinity due to hyperventilation.
#9
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used for in acid-base physiology?
To relate the pH of a solution to the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid
ExplanationMathematical relationship between pH, bicarbonate, and carbonic acid.
#10
Which of the following is a compensatory response to metabolic acidosis?
Increased ventilation rate
ExplanationBody compensates by increasing breathing to remove CO2 and raise pH.
#11
Which of the following conditions is associated with a decreased anion gap?
Renal failure
ExplanationImpaired kidney function results in reduced anion gap due to loss of ions.
#12
What is the typical compensation mechanism for respiratory alkalosis?
Increased renal excretion of bicarbonate
ExplanationKidneys excrete bicarbonate to balance pH during hyperventilation.
#13
Which of the following parameters is measured directly by a blood gas analyzer?
Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)
ExplanationDirect measure of oxygen tension in arterial blood.
#14
What does an increased anion gap suggest in the context of acid-base balance?
Metabolic acidosis
ExplanationIndicates excess acid production or decreased bicarbonate.
#15
What is the primary role of carbonic anhydrase in acid-base balance?
To catalyze the synthesis of carbonic acid from water and carbon dioxide
ExplanationConverts CO2 and water into carbonic acid for pH regulation.
#16
What is the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration?
Inversely proportional
ExplanationAs pH decreases, hydrogen ion concentration increases.