#1
Which of the following is not a characteristic of viruses?
They can replicate independently.
They are not considered alive by some biologists.
They can only replicate inside a host cell.
They contain genetic material.
#2
Which of the following viruses is known for causing the common cold?
Influenza virus
Rhinovirus
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Ebola virus
#3
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a bacteriophage?
It infects plants.
It is a eukaryotic virus.
It infects bacteria.
It contains only DNA.
#4
Which virus is responsible for causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?
Influenza virus
Retrovirus
Hepatitis B virus
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
#5
Which of the following is a characteristic of a bacteriophage but not typical of other viruses?
Envelope
Capsid
Tail fibers
Nucleocapsid
#6
What is the primary function of a virus's capsid?
To protect the virus from the host's immune system.
To facilitate attachment to host cells.
To provide structural support.
To regulate viral gene expression.
#7
Which enzyme do retroviruses use to convert their RNA genome into DNA?
RNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
DNA ligase
Helicase
#8
What is the outermost layer of some viruses, derived from the host cell's membrane?
Capsid
Envelope
Nucleocapsid
Matrix
#9
Which type of virus has a single-stranded RNA genome that acts as a template for mRNA synthesis?
Retrovirus
Orthomyxovirus
Paramyxovirus
Hepadnavirus
#10
What is the function of neuraminidase in influenza viruses?
Facilitates viral entry into host cells
Prevents host cell apoptosis
Promotes viral budding
Assists in the release of newly formed virions from host cells
#11
What is the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another?
Lytic cycle
Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction
#12
What is the function of the viral protein hemagglutinin in influenza viruses?
Facilitates viral entry into host cells
Prevents host cell apoptosis
Promotes viral budding
Replicates viral RNA
#13
What is the process by which a virus inserts its genetic material into the genome of its host cell?
Transduction
Transformation
Integration
Conjugation
#14
What is the mechanism by which antiviral drugs like oseltamivir work against influenza viruses?
Inhibition of viral attachment to host cells
Blocking viral RNA synthesis
Preventing viral entry into host cells
Inhibiting viral neuraminidase activity
#15
What is the name of the process where viruses remain dormant inside host cells and can reactivate later?
Latency
Integration
Lysis
Replication