#1
Which type of genetic material do most viruses have?
DNA
RNA
Both DNA and RNA
None of the above
#2
Which cellular organelle is often exploited by viruses for the synthesis of viral proteins?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Nucleus
#3
Which class of viruses is characterized by a retroviral life cycle?
Herpesviruses
Orthomyxoviruses
Retroviruses
Adenoviruses
#4
What is the role of neuraminidase in the life cycle of influenza viruses?
Facilitates viral entry into host cells
Promotes the release of new virus particles from infected cells
Synthesizes viral RNA
Activates host immune responses
#5
Which of the following is a common method used by viruses to enter host cells?
Simple diffusion
Endocytosis
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
#6
In viral replication, what is the role of the enzyme reverse transcriptase?
Synthesizing DNA from RNA
Synthesizing RNA from DNA
Breaking down DNA
Breaking down RNA
#7
Which step is NOT a part of the viral replication cycle?
Attachment
Translation
Assembly
Release
#8
What is the primary mode of transmission for the influenza virus?
Vector-borne transmission
Airborne transmission
Waterborne transmission
Sexual transmission
#9
Which type of viral genome is directly translated into functional proteins without the need for transcription?
Positive-sense RNA
Negative-sense RNA
Double-stranded DNA
Double-stranded RNA
#10
What is the primary target of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) in the human body?
Liver cells
Lung cells
T cells of the immune system
Bone marrow cells
#11
What is a viral vector in the context of gene therapy?
A virus that causes diseases in plants
A modified virus used to deliver genetic material into cells
A virus that exclusively infects bacteria
A virus that only infects animals
#12
How do enveloped viruses differ from non-enveloped viruses?
Enveloped viruses have a protein coat, while non-enveloped viruses do not
Enveloped viruses have an additional lipid membrane
Non-enveloped viruses contain both DNA and RNA
Enveloped viruses only infect plants
#13
What is a zoonotic virus?
A virus transmitted by mosquitoes
A virus that infects animals and can be transmitted to humans
A virus causing plant diseases
A virus that only infects fungi
#14
In the context of viral infections, what does the term 'cytopathic effect' refer to?
The death of infected cells
The formation of new virus particles
The immune response against viruses
The activation of antiviral genes
#15
What is the significance of the lytic cycle in bacteriophages?
Integration of viral genome into the host genome
Release of newly formed virus particles by host cell lysis
Transformation of host cells into cancer cells
Silent persistence within host cells