#1
In survey research, what does a Likert scale measure?
Temperature
Attitudes or opinions
Distance
Reaction time
#2
What is the term for a statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables?
Median
Correlation coefficient
Standard deviation
Regression slope
#3
What is the difference between reliability and validity in research measurements?
Reliability refers to consistency, while validity refers to accuracy
Reliability refers to accuracy, while validity refers to consistency
Both terms are synonymous
Neither term is relevant to research
#4
In experimental research, what is the purpose of a placebo?
To control for participant characteristics
To manipulate the independent variable
To create a baseline for comparison
To deceive participants about the nature of the study
#5
What is the purpose of statistical significance in research?
To determine the practical importance of study findings
To indicate whether the observed effects are likely due to chance
To manipulate data for better visualization
To exclude outliers from the analysis
#6
Which of the following is a fundamental principle of research ethics?
Deception is always acceptable
Informed consent
Results should always support the researcher's hypothesis
Excluding participants based on demographics
#7
What is the purpose of a control group in an experimental design?
To receive the experimental treatment
To provide a baseline for comparison
To validate the research hypothesis
To ensure the participants are unaware of the study
#8
What is the purpose of a pilot study in research?
To collect preliminary data and identify potential issues
To manipulate the independent variable
To report final study results
To recruit participants
#9
Which type of research design involves studying a group of individuals over an extended period of time?
Cross-sectional design
Longitudinal design
Experimental design
Survey design
#10
What is the purpose of random assignment in experimental research?
To ensure the sample is representative of the population
To control for participant characteristics
To increase external validity
To create experimental and control groups with equivalent characteristics
#11
Which of the following is a potential ethical concern in behavioral research?
Obtaining informed consent
Ensuring confidentiality
Fabricating data
Using a placebo in an experiment
#12
What is the purpose of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in research?
To design research studies
To review and approve research involving human subjects
To analyze research data
To interpret statistical results
#13
Which statistical test is appropriate for comparing means of two independent groups?
Chi-square test
Paired-samples t-test
Independent-samples t-test
ANOVA
#14
What is the primary goal of qualitative research?
To establish cause-and-effect relationships
To generalize findings to a population
To explore and understand phenomena in-depth
To use statistical analyses
#15
In behavioral analysis, what does the term 'operant conditioning' refer to?
Strengthening or weakening behavior through consequences
Pavlovian conditioning
Observational learning
Innate reflexes
#16
Which type of sampling method involves selecting participants who are easily accessible and available?
Random sampling
Stratified sampling
Convenience sampling
Cluster sampling
#17
What is a confounding variable in experimental research?
A variable that is manipulated by the researcher
A variable that affects the dependent variable along with the independent variable
A variable that is measured in observational studies
A variable that is irrelevant to the study