#1
According to strain theory, what motivates individuals to engage in deviant behavior?
Biological predisposition
Social pressure and inequality
Mental illness
Strict enforcement of laws
#2
Which theory of deviance suggests that individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them?
Control theory
Labeling theory
Differential association theory
Strain theory
#3
In the context of criminal justice theories, what does the 'broken windows theory' propose?
A focus on rehabilitating offenders
Harsher penalties for minor offenses
Preventive measures to address small signs of disorder
Expanding surveillance programs
#4
Which of the following is NOT a primary focus of conflict theory in explaining deviance?
Power dynamics
Social inequality
Biological factors
Class struggle
#5
According to control theory, what factor(s) help(s) to prevent individuals from engaging in deviant behavior?
Strong social bonds and attachments
High levels of unemployment
Access to deviant role models
Criminal opportunity
#6
Which theory of deviance suggests that individuals weigh the potential benefits and consequences of their actions before engaging in deviant behavior?
Labeling theory
Control theory
Rational choice theory
Strain theory
#7
Which sociologist is associated with the development of differential association theory?
Emile Durkheim
Karl Marx
Howard Becker
Edwin Sutherland
#8
According to labeling theory, what effect can the application of negative labels have on individuals?
It decreases the likelihood of deviant behavior
It reinforces conformity to societal norms
It increases the likelihood of further deviance
It has no significant impact
#9
Which of the following is a key criticism of rational choice theory in understanding deviance?
It fails to consider the impact of social structures
It overemphasizes biological factors
It ignores individual agency
It disregards the role of labeling
#10
What concept in labeling theory refers to the process by which individuals come to accept and internalize negative labels?
Primary deviance
Secondary deviance
Stigmatization
Labeling amplification
#11
Which perspective within deviance theory emphasizes the importance of understanding the subjective meanings individuals attach to their actions?
Symbolic interactionism
Structural functionalism
Conflict theory
Feminist theory
#12
Which theory of deviance suggests that deviant behavior occurs when an individual's social bonds are weakened or broken?
Strain theory
Social disorganization theory
Control theory
Labeling theory