#1
What is the first step in the scientific method?
Analysis
Experimentation
Observation
Conclusion
#2
Which of the following is not a qualitative research method?
Case study
Survey
Ethnography
Content analysis
#3
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of critical thinking?
Accepting information at face value
Evaluating evidence and arguments
Being open-minded
Being analytical and reflective
#4
What is the purpose of a hypothesis in scientific research?
To summarize existing knowledge
To provide a tentative explanation
To describe observed phenomena
To manipulate the independent variable
#5
Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of conducting research?
Formulating a hypothesis
Collecting data
Drawing conclusions without analysis
Analyzing data
#6
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for establishing causality?
Temporal precedence
Correlation
Consistency
Plausibility
#7
What does the term 'validity' refer to in research methodology?
The extent to which a study measures what it claims to measure
The consistency of a measurement
The generalizability of research findings
The degree of error in a measurement
#8
Which of the following is a characteristic of a good research question?
It can be answered with a simple 'yes' or 'no'
It is broad and vague
It is clear and specific
It is unrelated to existing literature
#9
What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
To ensure that participants are randomly assigned
To provide a comparison for the experimental group
To manipulate the independent variable
To eliminate confounding variables
#10
Which of the following is NOT a type of sampling method?
Random sampling
Stratified sampling
Purposive sampling
Theoretical sampling
#11
What is the purpose of a pilot study?
To test the feasibility of a larger study
To manipulate the independent variable
To control for confounding variables
To analyze data
#12
What is meant by the term 'statistical significance' in research?
The practical importance of research findings
The degree of correlation between variables
The likelihood that research findings are due to chance
The representativeness of the sample
#13
What is the purpose of conducting a literature review in academic research?
To showcase the author's knowledge
To summarize existing research findings
To present original research
To support the hypotheses
#14
What is the purpose of peer review in academic publishing?
To verify the accuracy of references
To ensure that research meets ethical standards
To evaluate the quality and validity of research
To determine the journal's impact factor
#15
In research methodology, what does 'reliability' refer to?
The extent to which a study measures what it claims to measure
The consistency of a measurement
The generalizability of research findings
The degree of error in a measurement
#16
What is the primary purpose of using inferential statistics in research?
To summarize and describe data
To make predictions about populations based on sample data
To test cause-and-effect relationships
To measure the strength of association between variables
#17
What is reflexivity in qualitative research?
The process of reflecting on one's own biases and assumptions
The process of establishing trustworthiness in research
The process of obtaining informed consent from participants
The process of analyzing qualitative data
#18
What is a type I error in hypothesis testing?
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false
Accepting the null hypothesis when it is true
Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false