#1
What is reinforcement in the context of behaviorism?
Punishment for undesirable behavior
A process that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior
Ignoring behavior
Random actions
#2
What is the term for the process of gradually reducing the frequency of a behavior by removing reinforcement?
Extinction
Punishment
Shaping
Fading
#3
In operant conditioning, what is a discriminative stimulus?
A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response
A stimulus that indicates whether a particular response will be reinforced or not
A neutral stimulus that becomes a conditioned stimulus
A stimulus that becomes reinforcing through association with a primary reinforcer
#4
What is the term for the process of reinforcing a behavior only some of the time?
Continuous reinforcement
Intermittent reinforcement
Fixed-ratio reinforcement
Variable-interval reinforcement
#5
Which type of reinforcement schedule provides reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement?
Variable-interval schedule
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
#6
Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
#7
What is a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed
Reinforcement after a variable number of responses
Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses
Reinforcement after a variable amount of time has passed
#8
Which reinforcement schedule provides reinforcement after an average number of responses but varies around an average?
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
Variable-interval schedule
#9
What is the term for the phenomenon where a behavior that has been previously reinforced is extinguished when reinforcement is no longer provided?
Spontaneous recovery
Reinforcement continuation
Extinction
Behavior persistence
#10
In the context of reinforcement, what is a secondary reinforcer?
A reinforcer that is inherently satisfying
A previously neutral stimulus that becomes reinforcing through association with a primary reinforcer
A reinforcer that directly satisfies a biological need
A reinforcer used only in laboratory settings
#11
What is the term for the tendency for a response that has been reinforced in the presence of one stimulus to occur in the presence of other similar stimuli?
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
Habituation
#12
In operant conditioning, what is shaping?
Gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific response
The sudden appearance of a new behavior
The process of forgetting a learned behavior
The reinforcement of every occurrence of a desired behavior
#13
What is the difference between continuous reinforcement and intermittent reinforcement?
Continuous reinforcement is more effective
Intermittent reinforcement involves reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior, while continuous reinforcement involves reinforcing only some occurrences
Continuous reinforcement is only effective in the early stages of learning
Intermittent reinforcement is less predictable
#14
In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned response (UCR)?
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus
The stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response
The response that naturally occurs to an unconditioned stimulus
The conditioned response before conditioning
#15
Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?
Giving a reward for good behavior
Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior
Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior
Ignoring a behavior
#16
Which type of reinforcement schedule provides reinforcement after a variable amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement?
Fixed-interval schedule
Variable-interval schedule
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
#17
What is the term for the process of reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior until the complete behavior is displayed?
Backward chaining
Forward chaining
Task analysis
Shaping