#1
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
Taking away a privilege
Giving a reward
Ignoring a behavior
Punishing the behavior
#2
What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?
Unconscious motivations
Stimulus-response associations
Rewards and punishments
Observational learning
#3
Which theorist is associated with the concept of classical conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Ivan Pavlov
Abraham Maslow
#4
What type of reinforcement occurs when a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs?
Intermittent reinforcement
Continuous reinforcement
Partial reinforcement
Variable reinforcement
#5
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
Taking away a privilege
Giving a reward
Ignoring a behavior
Punishing the behavior
#6
Who developed the concept of operant conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner
Edward Thorndike
#7
Which of the following is an example of punishment?
Giving a reward
Ignoring a behavior
Taking away a privilege
Encouraging a behavior
#8
Which of the following is a key element of behavior modification?
Random reinforcement
Punishment without reinforcement
Empathy
Consistency
#9
What is the term for the tendency of behavior to be influenced by its consequences?
Observational learning
Operant conditioning
Social learning
Classical conditioning
#10
In behavior modification, what is shaping?
Using punishment to eliminate a behavior
Gradually reinforcing behaviors that lead to the target behavior
Using punishment to reinforce desired behavior
Rewarding every instance of the target behavior
#11
Which schedule of reinforcement results in the highest rate of response?
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Variable interval
Fixed ratio
#12
What is the term used to describe the process of reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior?
Backward chaining
Forward chaining
Shaping
Modeling
#13
What is the term for the process of weakening a behavior by removing reinforcement?
Punishment
Extinction
Generalization
Discrimination
#14
What is the term for the process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to evoke a conditioned response?
Operant conditioning
Generalization
Classical conditioning
Modeling
#15
What is the term for the weakening of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent?
Extinction
Discrimination
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
#16
What is the term for the process of learning through observation and imitation of others?
Modeling
Shaping
Conditioning
Extinction
#17
What is a primary reinforcer?
A reward that is biologically significant
A reward that is learned through association
A reward that is given occasionally
A reward that is given consistently
#18
What is the term for the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period?
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus generalization
Discrimination
Operant conditioning
#19
Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
#20
What is the term for the process of learning by observing others and imitating their behavior?
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Social learning
Extinction
#21
Which of the following is a limitation of punishment?
It is effective in the long term
It may lead to avoidance behavior
It strengthens the undesirable behavior
It enhances motivation for desired behavior
#22
What is extinction in behavioral terms?
Sudden elimination of a conditioned response
Gradual decrease in a learned response when it is no longer reinforced
Replacement of one behavior with another through conditioning
Sudden reemergence of a previously extinguished behavior
#23
According to social cognitive theory, what is reciprocal determinism?
The influence of environmental factors on behavior
The interaction between personal factors, behavior, and the environment
The process of learning through observation and imitation
The reinforcement of behavior through punishment or reward
#24
According to behavior modification principles, what is the most effective way to extinguish an undesirable behavior?
Using punishment consistently
Ignoring the behavior
Providing occasional reinforcement
Rewarding alternative behaviors
#25
Which type of reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Variable interval