#1
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
Giving a reward
ExplanationPositive reinforcement involves giving a reward to strengthen a behavior.
#2
What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?
Rewards and punishments
ExplanationOperant conditioning focuses on using rewards and punishments to modify behavior.
#3
Which theorist is associated with the concept of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationClassical conditioning is linked to Ivan Pavlov's work on associative learning.
#4
What type of reinforcement occurs when a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs?
Continuous reinforcement
ExplanationContinuous reinforcement involves reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs.
#5
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
Taking away a privilege
ExplanationNegative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to strengthen a behavior.
#6
Who developed the concept of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationOperant conditioning is associated with B.F. Skinner's research and development of the concept.
#7
In behavior modification, what is shaping?
Gradually reinforcing behaviors that lead to the target behavior
ExplanationShaping is the process of reinforcing small steps toward a desired behavior.
#8
Which schedule of reinforcement results in the highest rate of response?
Variable ratio
ExplanationVariable ratio reinforcement leads to the highest response rate due to unpredictability.
#9
What is the term used to describe the process of reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior?
Shaping
ExplanationShaping involves reinforcing behaviors that progressively approach the target behavior.
#10
What is the term for the process of weakening a behavior by removing reinforcement?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction weakens a behavior by withdrawing reinforcement.
#11
What is the term for the process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to evoke a conditioned response?
Classical conditioning
ExplanationClassical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
#12
What is the term for the weakening of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction in classical conditioning refers to the weakening of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is not present.
#13
What is extinction in behavioral terms?
Gradual decrease in a learned response when it is no longer reinforced
ExplanationExtinction is the fading of a learned behavior when reinforcement is removed.
#14
According to social cognitive theory, what is reciprocal determinism?
The interaction between personal factors, behavior, and the environment
ExplanationReciprocal determinism highlights the interplay of personal factors, behavior, and the environment in social cognitive theory.
#15
According to behavior modification principles, what is the most effective way to extinguish an undesirable behavior?
Rewarding alternative behaviors
ExplanationRewarding alternative behaviors is an effective way to extinguish undesirable behaviors through positive reinforcement.
#16
Which type of reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?
Variable ratio
ExplanationVariable ratio reinforcement schedule is the most resistant to extinction due to its unpredictability.