#1
Which theorist introduced the concept of the 'zone of proximal development' and emphasized the role of social interactions in cognitive and moral development?
Albert Bandura
Lev Vygotsky
Lawrence Kohlberg
Urie Bronfenbrenner
#2
In Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, during which stage does the development of a sense of trust or mistrust occur in infants?
Initiative vs. Guilt
Trust vs. Mistrust
Industry vs. Inferiority
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
#3
According to Piaget's theory, what is the term for the ability to understand that a certain quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance?
Conservation
Centration
Egocentrism
Object permanence
#4
In the context of moral development, what is the term for the process of individuals internalizing societal norms and values?
Socialization
Acculturation
Cognitive dissonance
Egocentrism
#5
Which theorist introduced the concept of 'moral stages' and identified stages such as punishment and obedience, instrumental purpose, and interpersonal conformity?
Jean Piaget
Erik Erikson
Lawrence Kohlberg
John Bowlby
#6
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at which stage do individuals focus on avoiding punishment and obeying authority to maintain social order?
Preconventional level
Conventional level
Postconventional level
Autonomous level
#7
Who proposed the psychosocial theory of moral development, emphasizing the role of social interactions and cultural influences in shaping morality?
Jean Piaget
Erik Erikson
B.F. Skinner
John Bowlby
#8
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, what is the focus of moral reasoning at the postconventional level?
Social conformity and authority
Individual rights and democratic processes
Avoidance of punishment
Ethical principles and universal values
#9
According to Jean Piaget, in which stage of cognitive development do children begin to understand and adhere to rules and social conventions?
Sensorimotor stage
Concrete operational stage
Preoperational stage
Formal operational stage
#10
In the context of moral development, what does the term 'moral disengagement' refer to?
The ability to disconnect emotions from moral decision-making.
The process of shifting responsibility for harmful actions to others.
A lack of understanding of moral principles.
The tendency to avoid moral dilemmas altogether.
#11
According to Erik Erikson, what is the primary conflict or challenge during the 'identity vs. role confusion' stage of psychosocial development?
Establishing a sense of trust in others
Developing a sense of autonomy
Forming a coherent sense of self and identity
Achieving intimacy in relationships
#12
Which moral development theory suggests that moral reasoning is influenced by the development of cognitive structures and the ability to take multiple perspectives?
Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
Erikson's psychosocial theory
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
#13
In the context of moral development, what does the term 'moral realism' refer to?
The belief that moral rules are arbitrary and can be changed at will
The view that moral rules are objective and unchangeable
The tendency to prioritize personal interests over moral considerations
The ability to understand others' perspectives in moral dilemmas
#14
Who developed the theory of moral intuitionism, suggesting that moral judgments arise from immediate emotional responses?
Carol Gilligan
Jonathan Haidt
Lawrence Kohlberg
John Dewey
#15
Which theory of moral development emphasizes the importance of cultural and contextual factors in shaping moral values?
Social learning theory
Cultural-historical theory
Ecological systems theory
Moral intuitionism
#16
Which of the following is a criticism often raised against Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
It overemphasizes the role of emotions in moral decision-making.
It neglects the influence of cultural diversity on moral reasoning.
It focuses too much on external rewards and punishments.
It underestimates the role of cognitive development in moral judgment.
#17
According to Carol Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's theory, what is the primary difference in moral reasoning between males and females?
Females emphasize justice and fairness, while males focus on care and compassion.
Males prioritize care and compassion, while females emphasize justice and fairness.
There are no significant gender differences in moral reasoning.
Both males and females primarily focus on individual rights.