#1
Which theorist introduced the concept of the 'zone of proximal development' and emphasized the role of social interactions in cognitive and moral development?
Lev Vygotsky
ExplanationVygotsky introduced 'zone of proximal development' and emphasized social interactions in development.
#2
In Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, during which stage does the development of a sense of trust or mistrust occur in infants?
Trust vs. Mistrust
ExplanationTrust vs. Mistrust stage focuses on developing a sense of trust or mistrust in infants.
#3
According to Piaget's theory, what is the term for the ability to understand that a certain quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance?
Conservation
ExplanationConservation is the ability to understand that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance.
#4
In the context of moral development, what is the term for the process of individuals internalizing societal norms and values?
Socialization
ExplanationSocialization is the process of internalizing societal norms and values in moral development.
#5
Which theorist introduced the concept of 'moral stages' and identified stages such as punishment and obedience, instrumental purpose, and interpersonal conformity?
Lawrence Kohlberg
ExplanationKohlberg introduced the concept of 'moral stages,' identifying stages like punishment and obedience, instrumental purpose, and interpersonal conformity.
#6
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at which stage do individuals focus on avoiding punishment and obeying authority to maintain social order?
Preconventional level
ExplanationFocuses on avoiding punishment and obeying authority for social order.
#7
Who proposed the psychosocial theory of moral development, emphasizing the role of social interactions and cultural influences in shaping morality?
Erik Erikson
ExplanationErikson emphasized social interactions and cultural influences in moral development.
#8
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, what is the focus of moral reasoning at the postconventional level?
Ethical principles and universal values
ExplanationPostconventional level focuses on ethical principles and universal values.
#9
According to Jean Piaget, in which stage of cognitive development do children begin to understand and adhere to rules and social conventions?
Concrete operational stage
ExplanationChildren understand and adhere to rules in the concrete operational stage.
#10
In the context of moral development, what does the term 'moral disengagement' refer to?
The process of shifting responsibility for harmful actions to others.
ExplanationMoral disengagement: Shifting responsibility for harmful actions to others.
#11
According to Erik Erikson, what is the primary conflict or challenge during the 'identity vs. role confusion' stage of psychosocial development?
Forming a coherent sense of self and identity
ExplanationIdentity vs. Role Confusion focuses on forming a coherent sense of self and identity.
#12
Which moral development theory suggests that moral reasoning is influenced by the development of cognitive structures and the ability to take multiple perspectives?
Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory
ExplanationMoral reasoning influenced by cognitive structures and perspective-taking in Piaget's theory.
#13
In the context of moral development, what does the term 'moral realism' refer to?
The view that moral rules are objective and unchangeable
ExplanationMoral realism holds that moral rules are objective and unchangeable.
#14
Who developed the theory of moral intuitionism, suggesting that moral judgments arise from immediate emotional responses?
Jonathan Haidt
ExplanationHaidt developed moral intuitionism, linking moral judgments to immediate emotional responses.
#15
Which theory of moral development emphasizes the importance of cultural and contextual factors in shaping moral values?
Ecological systems theory
ExplanationEcological systems theory highlights the role of cultural and contextual factors in moral development.
#16
Which of the following is a criticism often raised against Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
It neglects the influence of cultural diversity on moral reasoning.
ExplanationKohlberg's stages neglect cultural diversity's influence on moral reasoning.
#17
According to Carol Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's theory, what is the primary difference in moral reasoning between males and females?
Females emphasize justice and fairness, while males focus on care and compassion.
ExplanationGilligan's critique: Females focus on justice, males on care and compassion in moral reasoning.