#1
Which of the following is a source of genetic variation?
Mitosis
Meiosis
DNA replication
Cell division
#2
What is the primary function of the enzyme DNA polymerase during DNA replication?
Initiating transcription
Breaking hydrogen bonds
Joining Okazaki fragments
Synthesizing new DNA strands
#3
What is the term for a change in a single nucleotide of DNA?
Deletion
Insertion
Point mutation
Frameshift mutation
#4
In a population, what does the term 'gene flow' refer to?
Movement of individuals between populations
Exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes
Mutation rates within a population
Rate of genetic drift
#5
Which mechanism contributes to genetic variation by swapping segments of chromatids during meiosis?
Mutations
Genetic recombination
Gene flow
Genetic drift
#6
In population genetics, what does the term 'founder effect' refer to?
Loss of genetic diversity due to a catastrophic event
Sudden increase in population size
Establishment of a new population by a small number of individuals
Random change in allele frequencies
#7
Which type of mutation results in the addition or deletion of nucleotides, shifting the reading frame of a gene?
Point mutation
Silent mutation
Frameshift mutation
Missense mutation
#8
In the context of genetics, what does the term 'allele frequency' represent?
The number of genes in a population
The proportion of a specific allele in a population
The rate of genetic mutation
The total number of chromosomes in an individual
#9
Which type of selection favors individuals with an intermediate phenotype and acts against extremes?
Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection
Balancing selection
#10
Which genetic distribution pattern is characterized by phenotypes at both extremes being favored over intermediate phenotypes?
Stabilizing selection
Directional selection
Disruptive selection
Balancing selection
#11
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium used to study in population genetics?
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Genetic variation
Allele frequencies
#12
What is the term for a heritable change in gene function that does not involve a change in the DNA sequence?
Mutation
Epigenetic modification
Genetic recombination
Translocation
#13
Which statistical measure assesses the proportion of the total phenotypic variance in a trait that is due to genetic factors?
Heritability
Genetic drift
Allele frequency
Genetic recombination
#14
What is the primary role of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in genetic research and modification?
Gene therapy
Genome editing
RNA interference
DNA replication
#15
What is the role of the p53 gene in the regulation of the cell cycle?
Promotes cell division
Induces apoptosis
Initiates DNA replication
Inhibits mitosis
#16
Which evolutionary force is responsible for the random changes in allele frequencies within a population over time?
Natural selection
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Mutation