#1
Which of the following is an example of an independent variable in an experimental study?
Participant's age
Dependent variable
Experimental condition
Researcher's gender
#2
In cognitive psychology, what does the term 'working memory' refer to?
Long-term storage of information
Temporary storage and manipulation of information
Retrieval of stored memories
Encoding of sensory information
#3
Which cognitive process involves organizing and making sense of sensory information received from the environment?
Perception
Attention
Memory
Language processing
#4
Which cognitive process involves the selection of certain stimuli for further processing?
Perception
Attention
Memory
Decision-making
#5
What is the term for the process by which memories become stable and enduring over time?
Encoding
Consolidation
Retrieval
Rehearsal
#6
Which type of memory is associated with general knowledge and facts?
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Sensory memory
Working memory
#7
In a double-blind experiment, who is unaware of the treatment assignments?
Only participants
Only researchers
Both participants and researchers
Neither participants nor researchers
#8
What is the purpose of a control group in an experimental study?
To manipulate the independent variable
To provide a baseline for comparison
To exclude participants from the study
To determine the dependent variable
#9
What is the difference between a within-subjects design and a between-subjects design in experimental research?
The number of participants
The number of variables manipulated
The way participants are assigned to groups
The duration of the study
#10
Which research design is commonly used to investigate cause-and-effect relationships in cognitive psychology?
Correlational study
Cross-sectional study
Longitudinal study
Experimental study
#11
What is the purpose of using random sampling in experimental studies?
To ensure all participants have an equal chance of being selected
To control for extraneous variables
To increase the external validity of the study
To establish causation
#12
What is the purpose of debriefing in psychological experiments?
To inform participants about the study's results
To provide counseling to participants
To deceive participants
To clarify the study's purpose and address any concerns
#13
What is the term for the tendency of participants to respond in a way they believe is socially desirable?
Demand characteristics
Social desirability bias
Observer expectancy effect
Confirmation bias
#14
Which statistical measure is used to assess the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables?
Mean
Correlation coefficient
Standard deviation
Median
#15
What is the purpose of random assignment in experimental research?
To ensure that participants are similar across groups
To eliminate extraneous variables
To increase the internal validity of the study
To enhance the external validity of the study
#16
What is the term for the phenomenon where participants' awareness of being studied alters their behavior?
Hawthorne effect
Placebo effect
Confirmation bias
Observer expectancy effect
#17
Which type of memory is responsible for the temporary storage of visual and spatial information?
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Sensory memory
Visual-spatial memory
#18
In a factorial design, what does each factor represent?
The dependent variable
An independent variable
A control variable
A confounding variable
#19
Which type of experimental design involves repeated measurements of the same participants under different conditions?
Cross-sectional design
Longitudinal design
Within-subjects design
Between-subjects design
#20
In a cognitive psychology experiment, what is the primary role of a placebo condition?
To manipulate the independent variable
To control for placebo effects
To serve as the dependent variable
To increase the external validity of the study