#1
Which of the following is a measure of disease frequency?
Odds ratio
Attributable risk
Incidence rate
Confidence interval
#2
Which of the following is a measure of association commonly used in cohort studies?
Relative risk
Odds ratio
Hazard ratio
Attributable risk
#3
Which of the following is NOT a type of epidemiological study design?
Experimental study
Case series
Ecological study
Crossover study
#4
What is the purpose of stratification in epidemiological analysis?
To control for confounding variables
To increase sample size
To simplify data collection
To ensure blinding of participants
#5
What is the primary objective of a cross-sectional study?
To establish causality
To determine prevalence
To examine temporal relationships
To assess incidence
#6
What is the primary purpose of a case-control study?
To determine causality
To calculate incidence rate
To assess prevalence
To examine disease outcomes
#7
Which study design is best suited to establish a temporal relationship between exposure and outcome?
Cross-sectional study
Case-control study
Cohort study
Experimental study
#8
Which of the following is NOT a type of bias in epidemiological studies?
Selection bias
Measurement bias
Random bias
Recall bias
#9
What is the purpose of randomization in experimental studies?
To eliminate confounding variables
To ensure equal distribution of participants
To control for selection bias
To increase statistical power
#10
What does the term 'herd immunity' refer to?
Immunity acquired from vaccination
Resistance to a disease within a population
Immunity passed from mother to child
Immunity acquired from previous infection
#11
Which of the following is a measure of association used in case-control studies?
Prevalence ratio
Risk ratio
Odds ratio
Incidence rate ratio
#12
What is the purpose of a meta-analysis in epidemiology?
To determine the prevalence of a disease
To combine and analyze results from multiple studies
To establish causality
To conduct randomized controlled trials
#13
What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?
Prevalence measures new cases, while incidence measures existing cases.
Prevalence measures existing cases, while incidence measures new cases.
Prevalence measures the duration of illness, while incidence measures the severity.
Prevalence measures the severity of illness, while incidence measures the duration.
#14
Which of the following best describes confounding in epidemiology?
The association between two variables is distorted by a third variable.
The association between two variables is strengthened by a third variable.
The association between two variables is caused by chance.
The association between two variables is inconsistent over time.
#15
Which of the following is a measure of association commonly used in case-control studies?
Risk ratio
Prevalence ratio
Odds ratio
Incidence rate ratio
#16
What is the purpose of the null hypothesis in hypothesis testing?
To establish the alternative hypothesis
To support the researcher's hypothesis
To provide a baseline for comparison
To reject the researcher's hypothesis
#17
Which of the following is NOT a component of the epidemiological triad model?
Agent
Host
Environment
Outcome
#18
Which of the following is a measure of spread commonly used in epidemiology?
Mean
Median
Standard deviation
Mode
#19
What is the primary advantage of using odds ratio in case-control studies?
It is more interpretable than other measures of association
It can be calculated directly from cohort studies
It provides an estimate of risk
It allows for efficient estimation of relative risk
#20
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for causality proposed by Sir Austin Bradford Hill?
Temporal relationship
Biological gradient
Biological plausibility
Statistical significance
#21
Which statistical test is used to compare means between two groups?
Chi-square test
T-test
ANOVA
Mann-Whitney U test
#22
In epidemiology, what does 'sensitivity' refer to?
Ability to detect true negatives
Ability to detect true positives
Ability to detect false negatives
Ability to detect false positives
#23
Which statistical test is used to analyze categorical data?
Student's t-test
Chi-square test
Correlation coefficient
Linear regression
#24
Which statistical test is appropriate for comparing survival times between two groups?
Chi-square test
T-test
Kaplan-Meier estimator
ANOVA
#25
Which statistical test is used to compare proportions between two groups?
Chi-square test
T-test
ANOVA
Mann-Whitney U test