#1
Which of the following is a measure of disease frequency?
Odds ratio
Attributable risk
Incidence rate
Confidence interval
#2
Which of the following is a measure of association commonly used in cohort studies?
Relative risk
Odds ratio
Hazard ratio
Attributable risk
#3
Which of the following is NOT a type of epidemiological study design?
Experimental study
Case series
Ecological study
Crossover study
#4
What is the purpose of stratification in epidemiological analysis?
To control for confounding variables
To increase sample size
To simplify data collection
To ensure blinding of participants
#5
What is the primary objective of a cross-sectional study?
To establish causality
To determine prevalence
To examine temporal relationships
To assess incidence
#6
What is the primary purpose of a case-control study?
To determine causality
To calculate incidence rate
To assess prevalence
To examine disease outcomes
#7
Which study design is best suited to establish a temporal relationship between exposure and outcome?
Cross-sectional study
Case-control study
Cohort study
Experimental study
#8
Which of the following is NOT a type of bias in epidemiological studies?
Selection bias
Measurement bias
Random bias
Recall bias
#9
What is the purpose of randomization in experimental studies?
To eliminate confounding variables
To ensure equal distribution of participants
To control for selection bias
To increase statistical power
#10
What does the term 'herd immunity' refer to?
Immunity acquired from vaccination
Resistance to a disease within a population
Immunity passed from mother to child
Immunity acquired from previous infection
#11
Which of the following is a measure of association used in case-control studies?
Prevalence ratio
Risk ratio
Odds ratio
Incidence rate ratio
#12
Which statistical test is used to compare means between two groups?
Chi-square test
T-test
ANOVA
Mann-Whitney U test
#13
In epidemiology, what does 'sensitivity' refer to?
Ability to detect true negatives
Ability to detect true positives
Ability to detect false negatives
Ability to detect false positives
#14
Which statistical test is used to analyze categorical data?
Student's t-test
Chi-square test
Correlation coefficient
Linear regression
#15
Which statistical test is appropriate for comparing survival times between two groups?
Chi-square test
T-test
Kaplan-Meier estimator
ANOVA
#16
Which statistical test is used to compare proportions between two groups?
Chi-square test
T-test
ANOVA
Mann-Whitney U test