#1
In research methodology, what does the term 'random sampling' refer to?
Selecting participants based on their availability
Selecting participants who volunteer to participate
Selecting participants at random from the population
Selecting participants based on specific criteria
#2
Which research method involves observing subjects in their natural environment without interference?
Case study
Survey
Naturalistic observation
Experiment
#3
What is the term for the mental frameworks that shape and are shaped by our experiences?
Schema
Prototype
Heuristic
Algorithm
#4
Which of the following is a primary method used to measure temperament in infants?
Self-report questionnaires
Parental interviews
Observational methods
IQ tests
#5
What is the term for the process of interpreting sensory information to give it meaning and context?
Sensation
Perception
Cognition
Attention
#6
Which of the following best defines developmental psychology?
The study of how people change physically over time
The study of how people change cognitively over time
The study of how people change emotionally over time
The study of how people change socially over time
#7
What is a longitudinal study in developmental psychology?
A study that observes different groups of people at one point in time
A study that observes the same group of people over a long period of time
A study that compares individuals of different ages at one point in time
A study that analyzes data from surveys
#8
Which of the following is NOT a stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor
Formal operational
Intuitive
Social
#9
What is the main focus of the attachment theory proposed by John Bowlby?
The role of reinforcement in learning
The formation of emotional bonds between infants and caregivers
The influence of genetics on personality development
The impact of peer relationships on social development
#10
What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
To compare the experimental group to a group that receives no treatment
To provide a standard for comparison with the experimental group
To ensure that participants are randomly assigned
To manipulate the independent variable
#11
Which of the following is an example of a sensitive period in development?
The first year of life
The period of adolescence
Early childhood when language development is crucial
Adulthood when career decisions are made
#12
According to Erik Erikson, what is the primary task of adolescence?
Developing a sense of trust
Establishing intimacy with others
Achieving identity and role confusion
Maintaining generativity
#13
Which of the following is a limitation of cross-sectional research design?
It requires a long time to conduct
It does not allow for the examination of changes within individuals over time
It is costly and resource-intensive
It cannot establish cause-and-effect relationships
#14
According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, what is the role of a 'zone of proximal development'?
It represents the highest level of achievement a child can reach independently
It is the range of tasks a child can perform with the help of a more knowledgeable other
It refers to the genetic predisposition of an individual toward certain behaviors
It is the stage in which children learn to think logically and abstractly