#1
Which of the following is an example of an innate releasing mechanism (IRM) in ethology?
A bird building a nest
A dog responding to a command after training
A male stickleback fish attacking another male during breeding season
A child learning to ride a bicycle
#2
What is the main function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
Regulating body temperature and hunger
Processing visual information
Controlling voluntary movements
Storing long-term memories
#3
Which of the following best describes the concept of classical conditioning?
Learning through reinforcement of voluntary behaviors
Learning through the association of a neutral stimulus with an involuntary response
Learning through observation and imitation of others
Learning through the consequences of one's actions
#4
Which of the following best describes the 'fight-or-flight' response?
A state of deep relaxation and calmness
An automatic physiological reaction to a perceived threat
A cognitive strategy to resolve conflicts peacefully
A learned behavior to cope with stress
#5
What is the primary neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward?
Serotonin
Dopamine
Endorphin
GABA
#6
Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism in behavioral science?
A person experiencing hunger consumes food to alleviate hunger pangs.
When a room gets too hot, a thermostat activates the air conditioning to lower the temperature.
A student studies harder after receiving positive feedback from the teacher.
A child is praised for behaving well, encouraging similar behavior in the future.
#7
In operant conditioning, what is a primary reinforcer?
A reinforcer that is inherently reinforcing, such as food or water.
A reinforcer that is learned through association with a primary reinforcer.
A reinforcer that is given randomly regardless of behavior.
A reinforcer that is presented immediately after a desired behavior.
#8
What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in decision-making?
Processing sensory information
Regulating emotional responses
Evaluating potential outcomes and making choices
Coordinating motor movements
#9
Which of the following is a characteristic of groupthink?
Encouragement of diverse opinions within the group
Open-minded consideration of alternative viewpoints
Strong pressure for conformity and suppression of dissenting opinions
Objective evaluation of available information
#10
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs can be addressed?
Self-actualization needs
Esteem needs
Physiological needs
Safety needs
#11
Which of the following is NOT a component of the Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression?
Negative affect
Positive affect
Physiological hyperarousal
Cognitive biases
#12
In social psychology, what does the term 'cognitive dissonance' refer to?
The tendency for individuals to conform to the majority opinion in a group.
The discomfort experienced when one's attitudes or beliefs conflict with one's actions.
The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal factors and one's own behavior to external factors.
The improvement in performance resulting from the presence of others.
#13
What is the main idea behind Albert Bandura's social learning theory?
Individuals learn through the consequences of their actions.
Learning is influenced by reinforcement schedules.
Observation and imitation play a crucial role in learning.
Learning is driven by innate biological instincts.
#14
What is the term for the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information in memory?
Conditioning
Cognition
Neurotransmission
Memory consolidation
#15
Which of the following is a key concept in B.F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning?
Unconscious conflicts
Self-actualization
Reinforcement
Collective unconscious