#1
Which of the following is a key concept in cognitive psychology?
Pavlovian conditioning
Operant conditioning
Memory
Classical conditioning
#2
What does the term 'cognitive load' refer to in cognitive psychology?
The total amount of information stored in long-term memory
The mental effort required to process information
The speed at which information is processed
The duration of short-term memory
#3
What is the primary focus of the field of cognitive neuroscience?
Studying the relationship between cognition and behavior
Investigating the neural mechanisms underlying mental processes
Analyzing the impact of cultural factors on cognitive development
Examining the role of emotions in decision-making
#4
Which cognitive process involves transforming information to enhance its storage, retrieval, or use in problem-solving?
Perception
Encoding
Attention
Memory consolidation
#5
What does the concept of 'working memory' involve in cognitive psychology?
The ability to retain large amounts of information indefinitely
The temporary storage and manipulation of information
The unconscious processing of sensory stimuli
The automatic retrieval of long-term memories
#6
What is the central idea behind the theory of cognitive dissonance?
People tend to conform to group norms
People strive for consistency in their beliefs and attitudes
Rewards and punishments shape behavior
Learning is a result of associations between stimuli and responses
#7
Who is considered the father of cognitive psychology?
Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
B.F. Skinner
Ulric Neisser
#8
Which cognitive bias involves giving greater importance to the most recent information and downplaying earlier information?
Confirmation bias
Recency effect
Primacy effect
Availability heuristic
#9
What is the main idea behind Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?
Behavior is primarily influenced by unconscious processes
Observational learning plays a crucial role in behavior
Personality is determined by genetics
Emotions are the primary driver of behavior
#10
Which term is used to describe the phenomenon where a person's existing beliefs or attitudes shape their interpretation of new information?
Confirmation bias
Cognitive dissonance
Stereotyping
Selective attention
#11
According to the parallel distributed processing (PDP) model, what is the representation of information based on?
Symbolic processing
Connectionist networks
Algorithms
Behavioral reinforcement
#12
What is the capacity of short-term memory, according to George A. Miller's famous paper?
5-7 items
10-12 items
3-5 items
15-20 items
#13
In behaviorism, what is the process of shaping behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations called?
Classical conditioning
Extinction
Operant conditioning
Modeling
#14
In the context of memory, what is the term for the phenomenon where a person recalls the first items in a list more easily than those in the middle or end?
Primacy effect
Recency effect
Serial position effect
Spacing effect
#15
Which influential psychologist is associated with the concept of the 'information-processing model' of cognition?
Jean Piaget
Jerome Bruner
Donald Broadbent
Erik Erikson
#16
What term is used to describe the tendency to attribute one's success to internal factors and failure to external factors?
Fundamental attribution error
Self-serving bias
Confirmation bias
Hindsight bias
#17
Who proposed the concept of 'cognitive development stages,' including the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages?
Albert Bandura
Lev Vygotsky
Jean Piaget
Erik Erikson