#1
Which of the following is a key concept in cognitive psychology?
Memory
ExplanationCentral to cognitive processes, involving encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
#2
What does the term 'cognitive load' refer to in cognitive psychology?
The mental effort required to process information
ExplanationThe amount of mental resources needed to complete a cognitive task.
#3
What is the primary focus of the field of cognitive neuroscience?
Investigating the neural mechanisms underlying mental processes
ExplanationUnderstanding how brain structures and processes contribute to cognitive functions.
#4
Which cognitive process involves transforming information to enhance its storage, retrieval, or use in problem-solving?
Encoding
ExplanationConverting sensory input into a form that can be stored and retrieved.
#5
What does the concept of 'working memory' involve in cognitive psychology?
The temporary storage and manipulation of information
ExplanationActive processes of holding and manipulating information for cognitive tasks.
#6
What is the central idea behind the theory of cognitive dissonance?
People strive for consistency in their beliefs and attitudes
ExplanationDiscomfort arises when there's inconsistency between beliefs, leading to efforts to restore consistency.
#7
Who is considered the father of cognitive psychology?
Ulric Neisser
ExplanationPioneered cognitive psychology by emphasizing the importance of studying mental processes.
#8
Which cognitive bias involves giving greater importance to the most recent information and downplaying earlier information?
Recency effect
ExplanationTendency to better remember and prioritize recent information over earlier information.
#9
What is the main idea behind Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?
Observational learning plays a crucial role in behavior
ExplanationLearning occurs through observation and imitation of others.
#10
Which term is used to describe the phenomenon where a person's existing beliefs or attitudes shape their interpretation of new information?
Confirmation bias
ExplanationTendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs or attitudes.
#11
According to the parallel distributed processing (PDP) model, what is the representation of information based on?
Connectionist networks
ExplanationInformation processing occurs simultaneously across interconnected nodes.
#12
What is the capacity of short-term memory, according to George A. Miller's famous paper?
5-7 items
ExplanationMiller proposed a limited capacity of short-term memory, often referred to as the 'magical number seven, plus or minus two'.
#13
In behaviorism, what is the process of shaping behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations called?
Operant conditioning
ExplanationLearning through reinforcement of behaviors, leading to their increase or decrease in likelihood.
#14
In the context of memory, what is the term for the phenomenon where a person recalls the first items in a list more easily than those in the middle or end?
Primacy effect
ExplanationTendency to better remember initial items in a list.
#15
Which influential psychologist is associated with the concept of the 'information-processing model' of cognition?
Donald Broadbent
ExplanationIntroduced the idea of cognition as a step-by-step process similar to computer processing.
#16
What term is used to describe the tendency to attribute one's success to internal factors and failure to external factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationTendency to credit oneself for successes but blame external factors for failures.
#17
Who proposed the concept of 'cognitive development stages,' including the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages?
Jean Piaget
ExplanationOutlined stages of cognitive development, highlighting how children's thinking evolves.