#1
Who proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Jean Piaget
Howard Gardner
Robert Sternberg
Alfred Binet
#2
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which stage occurs during infancy (birth to about 2 years old) characterized by the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched?
Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete operational stage
Formal operational stage
#3
According to the information-processing model, what is the role of attention in memory?
To encode sensory information into short-term memory
To transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory
To filter and select information for further processing
To retrieve information from long-term memory
#4
What does the 'E' in the acronym 'SMART goals' stand for?
Effective
Empirical
Efficient
Experiential
#5
What is the term for the process by which memories become stable in the brain?
Encoding
Storage
Consolidation
Retrieval
#6
Which cognitive process involves the organization and structuring of sensory information?
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Perception
#7
According to the levels-of-processing model, which type of processing leads to the deepest level of memory?
Structural processing
Phonemic processing
Semantic processing
Episodic processing
#8
What is the primary difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors.
Classical conditioning occurs through reinforcement, while operant conditioning occurs through punishment.
Classical conditioning focuses on shaping behaviors, while operant conditioning focuses on creating associations.
Classical conditioning relies on observational learning, while operant conditioning relies on trial and error.
#9
Which memory system is responsible for the temporary retention of information and rehearsal processes?
Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
Working memory
#10
What is the term for the process by which previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information?
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
Encoding specificity
Serial position effect
#11
Which of the following is NOT a stage of memory according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?
Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Intermediate memory
Long-term memory
#12
What is the primary focus of the social cognitive theory proposed by Albert Bandura?
The impact of genetic predispositions on behavior
The role of unconscious conflicts in behavior
Observational learning and self-efficacy
The influence of cultural norms on behavior
#13
In the context of problem-solving, what does the term 'functional fixedness' refer to?
The tendency to rely on past experiences to solve new problems
The inability to see an object's potential uses other than its typical function
The tendency to approach problems with a narrow perspective
The inclination to avoid difficult problems and focus on simpler ones
#14
What is the main difference between deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning?
Deductive reasoning involves drawing specific conclusions from general premises, while inductive reasoning involves generating general conclusions from specific observations.
Deductive reasoning relies on empirical evidence, while inductive reasoning relies on logical syllogisms.
Deductive reasoning involves trial and error, while inductive reasoning involves hypothesis testing.
Deductive reasoning is used in scientific experiments, while inductive reasoning is used in philosophical inquiries.
#15
Which concept in cognitive psychology refers to the tendency to favor information that confirms preexisting beliefs or hypotheses?
Confirmation bias
Availability heuristic
Representativeness heuristic
Anchoring and adjustment
#16
Who proposed the theory of cognitive dissonance?
B. F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Leon Festinger
Erik Erikson
#17
According to the linguistic relativity hypothesis, what is the relationship between language and thought?
Language shapes thought
Thought shapes language
Language and thought are independent
Language and thought have no connection