#1
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the upper airway?
Trachea
Pharynx
Nasal Cavity
Larynx
#2
What is the primary function of surfactant in the alveoli?
To increase surface tension
To decrease surface tension
To inhibit gas exchange
To decrease compliance
#3
What is the primary function of the diaphragm during inspiration?
To contract and pull the ribs outward
To relax and allow passive expiration
To contract and flatten, increasing thoracic volume
To relax and allow the lungs to recoil
#4
What is the normal range for arterial blood pH in humans?
7.35 - 7.45
6.8 - 7.2
7.0 - 7.2
7.45 - 7.55
#5
What is the term for the process of breathing air into the lungs?
Inspiration
Expiration
Ventilation
Respiration
#6
What is the primary function of the cilia in the respiratory tract?
To produce mucus
To facilitate gas exchange
To trap and remove foreign particles
To regulate air flow
#7
Which of the following best describes hypoxemia?
High oxygen levels in the blood
Low oxygen levels in the blood
High carbon dioxide levels in the blood
Low carbon dioxide levels in the blood
#8
Which of the following interventions is appropriate for a patient experiencing airway obstruction?
Administering oxygen via a nasal cannula
Performing abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver)
Administering bronchodilators
Administering intravenous fluids
#9
What is the primary respiratory stimulus in a healthy individual?
Hypoxia
Hypercapnia
Acidosis
Hypocapnia
#10
Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of endotracheal intubation?
Esophageal perforation
Vocal cord injury
Aspiration pneumonia
Hyperinflation of the lungs
#11
Which of the following conditions is characterized by inadequate ventilation leading to elevated carbon dioxide levels?
Hypoxemia
Hypercapnia
Atelectasis
Pulmonary embolism
#12
Which of the following conditions is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Asthma
Pneumonia
Pulmonary embolism
#13
Which lung volume represents the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation?
Tidal volume
Residual volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)
#14
What is the primary purpose of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in mechanical ventilation?
To prevent alveolar collapse
To decrease tidal volume
To reduce intracranial pressure
To increase cardiac output
#15
Which lung volume represents the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration?
Inspiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume
Residual volume
Expiratory reserve volume