#1
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the upper airway?
Trachea
ExplanationThe trachea is part of the lower airway.
#2
What is the primary function of surfactant in the alveoli?
To decrease surface tension
ExplanationSurfactant reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse.
#3
What is the primary function of the diaphragm during inspiration?
To contract and flatten, increasing thoracic volume
ExplanationThe diaphragm contracts, expanding the chest cavity during inspiration.
#4
What is the normal range for arterial blood pH in humans?
7.35 - 7.45
ExplanationNormal arterial blood pH ranges between 7.35 and 7.45.
#5
What is the term for the process of breathing air into the lungs?
Inspiration
ExplanationInspiration is the process of inhaling air into the lungs.
#6
What is the primary function of the cilia in the respiratory tract?
To trap and remove foreign particles
ExplanationCilia in the respiratory tract trap and remove foreign particles.
#7
Which of the following best describes hypoxemia?
Low oxygen levels in the blood
ExplanationHypoxemia is characterized by insufficient oxygen in the bloodstream.
#8
Which of the following interventions is appropriate for a patient experiencing airway obstruction?
Performing abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver)
ExplanationAbdominal thrusts are effective in relieving airway obstruction.
#9
What is the primary respiratory stimulus in a healthy individual?
Hypercapnia
ExplanationHypercapnia, elevated CO2 levels, triggers the respiratory drive.
#10
Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of endotracheal intubation?
Hyperinflation of the lungs
ExplanationHyperinflation of the lungs is not a typical complication of intubation.
#11
Which of the following conditions is characterized by inadequate ventilation leading to elevated carbon dioxide levels?
Hypercapnia
ExplanationHypercapnia results from inadequate ventilation and increased CO2.
#12
Which of the following conditions is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
ExplanationCOPD involves persistent, partially reversible airflow limitation.
#13
Which lung volume represents the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation?
Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)
ExplanationFEV1 measures the maximal exhaled air volume in one second.
#14
What is the primary purpose of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in mechanical ventilation?
To prevent alveolar collapse
ExplanationPEEP maintains alveolar patency, preventing collapse.
#15
Which lung volume represents the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration?
Residual volume
ExplanationResidual volume is the air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration.