#1
Which term refers to the mental processes that people use to make sense of the social world around them?
Cognition
ExplanationCognition encompasses mental processes for understanding social environments.
#2
In social psychology, what does the term 'in-group bias' refer to?
Favoring one's own group over other groups
ExplanationIn-group bias is the preference for one's own group over others.
#3
What is the primary focus of social identity theory?
Social categorization and identification with groups
ExplanationSocial identity theory focuses on group categorization and identification.
#4
What is the central concept in social cognitive theory, proposed by Albert Bandura?
Observational learning
ExplanationSocial cognitive theory focuses on observational learning.
#5
What is the term for the tendency to attribute the cause of one's own behavior to internal factors and the behavior of others to external factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationSelf-serving bias attributes internal factors to one's behavior and external factors to others.
#6
What is the term for the tendency to attribute positive actions and success to one's own character, but attribute negative actions and failures to external factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationSelf-serving bias involves attributing success to oneself and failures to external factors.
#7
In social psychology, what does the term 'groupthink' refer to?
A group's tendency to make decisions based on consensus rather than critical thinking
ExplanationGroupthink is the inclination of a group to prioritize agreement over critical evaluation in decision-making.
#8
Which term describes the discomfort or tension that arises when a person holds conflicting beliefs or attitudes?
Cognitive dissonance
ExplanationCognitive dissonance is the discomfort from conflicting beliefs or attitudes.
#9
What is the bystander effect in social psychology?
The reluctance of people to help a person in need when others are present
ExplanationBystander effect is the hesitancy to help in the presence of others.
#10
According to the mere exposure effect, what tends to increase liking for a person or thing?
Repeated exposure
ExplanationMere exposure effect suggests liking increases with repeated exposure.
#11
Which term refers to the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when others are present?
Bystander effect
ExplanationBystander effect is the reluctance to offer help in the presence of others.
#12
Which psychological concept involves attributing human characteristics to inanimate objects or animals?
Anthropomorphism
ExplanationAnthropomorphism involves attributing human traits to non-human entities.
#13
What does the term 'conformity' refer to in the context of social psychology?
Changing one's behavior or beliefs to match those of others
ExplanationConformity is adjusting behavior or beliefs to match group norms.
#14
In social psychology, what does the term 'ingroup' refer to?
A group to which an individual belongs
ExplanationIngroup refers to the group an individual identifies with.
#15
According to the concept of the self-serving bias, how do individuals typically interpret their own achievements and failures?
Attribute achievements to internal factors and failures to external factors
ExplanationIndividuals attribute their successes to themselves and failures to external factors.
#16
Which social cognitive theory emphasizes observational learning and modeling as key factors in behavior development?
Social learning theory
ExplanationSocial learning theory highlights observational learning and modeling in behavior development.
#17
What is the term for the mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that people use to make judgments and decisions quickly?
Heuristics
ExplanationHeuristics are mental shortcuts used for quick decision-making and judgment.
#18
According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, what is the primary challenge during adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
ExplanationAdolescence's primary challenge is to establish identity amidst role confusion.
#19
What is the term for the tendency to attribute one's own successes to internal factors and failures to external factors?
Self-serving bias
ExplanationSelf-serving bias attributes success to oneself and failures to external factors.
#20
According to the social exchange theory, what is the central idea behind social interactions?
Maximizing rewards and minimizing costs
ExplanationSocial exchange theory focuses on maximizing rewards and minimizing costs in interactions.
#21
What is the term for a shared understanding and knowledge about the typical characteristics of members of a particular social group?
Stereotypes
ExplanationStereotypes are shared beliefs about typical characteristics of social groups.
#22
According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, what is the relationship between frustration and aggression?
Frustration can lead to aggression
ExplanationFrustration can trigger aggressive responses, as per the hypothesis.
#23
In the context of social behavior, what is 'deindividuation'?
Reduced self-awareness and individuality in a group setting
ExplanationDeindividuation is decreased self-awareness and individuality in groups.
#24
What is the term for the tendency to favor information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or values?
Confirmation bias
ExplanationConfirmation bias is the inclination to favor information aligning with existing beliefs.
#25
According to the social exchange theory, what is the key determinant of whether individuals engage in a social exchange?
Personal gain or loss
ExplanationSocial exchange theory asserts personal gain or loss as the primary determinant.