Which of the following is NOT a primary data collection method in behavioral studies?
Observation
Experimentation
Survey
Literature review
#2
What does 'descriptive statistics' primarily aim to achieve in data analysis?
To make inferences about a population based on a sample
To summarize and describe the main features of a dataset
To test hypotheses and determine statistical significance
To establish cause-and-effect relationships
#3
Which of the following is a measure of central tendency?
Standard deviation
Variance
Median
Range
#4
Which of the following is NOT a type of qualitative data collection method?
Interviews
Surveys
Focus groups
Observations
#5
What is the term for the process of systematically selecting a subset of individuals from a larger population?
Randomization
Stratification
Sampling
Allocation
#6
What is the term for a statistical measure of the spread of values in a dataset?
Mean
Median
Variance
Mode
#7
In research design, what does 'random sampling' refer to?
Selecting subjects based on specific criteria
Selecting subjects from a specific population without any particular pattern
Selecting subjects based on convenience
Selecting every nth subject from the population
#8
What is the term for the process of ensuring that a study yields consistent results when repeated?
Validity
Reliability
Accuracy
Precision
#9
Which of the following sampling techniques involves dividing the population into distinct groups and then selecting a proportionate number of individuals from each group?
Convenience sampling
Snowball sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
#10
What statistical test is commonly used to determine if there is a significant association between two categorical variables?
Chi-square test
t-test
ANOVA
Regression analysis
#11
In behavioral studies, what does 'ethnography' primarily involve?
Observing individuals in controlled environments
Conducting surveys with large groups
Studying cultures and societies through participant observation
Analyzing existing datasets
#12
What does 'internal validity' refer to in experimental design?
The extent to which research findings can be generalized to other settings
The degree to which a study accurately represents the population being studied
The extent to which changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable
The extent to which a study minimizes bias and confounding variables
#13
What does 'inter-rater reliability' refer to?
The consistency of results when the same measurement is repeated
The degree of agreement between different observers or raters
The extent to which a study minimizes bias and confounding variables
The extent to which research findings can be generalized to other settings
#14
What does 'external validity' refer to in research?
The degree to which a study accurately represents the population being studied
The extent to which research findings can be generalized to other settings
The extent to which changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable
The extent to which a study minimizes bias and confounding variables