#1
Which legislation in the United States prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin?
Civil Rights Act of 1964
ExplanationKey anti-discrimination law ensuring equality in various aspects.
#2
What is the primary goal of Affirmative Action policies?
To ensure equal opportunity
ExplanationInitiatives aimed at promoting fairness and diversity.
#3
What is the primary focus of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) in the United States?
Prohibiting discrimination based on age in the workplace
ExplanationLegislation safeguarding older workers from unfair treatment.
#4
In the context of Affirmative Action, what is the purpose of a diversity quota?
To establish a minimum percentage of diverse individuals
ExplanationEnsuring representation through set numerical targets.
#5
Which executive order signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson introduced affirmative action for federal contractors?
Executive Order 11246
ExplanationPresidential directive promoting diversity in federal contracting.
#6
In the United States, which federal agency enforces the Fair Housing Act to prevent housing discrimination?
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
ExplanationGovernment entity ensuring fair housing practices.
#7
Which Supreme Court case upheld the constitutionality of Affirmative Action in university admissions?
Grutter v. Bollinger
ExplanationLegal precedent supporting diversity initiatives in education.
#8
What is the concept of 'disparate impact' in the context of anti-discrimination law?
Discriminatory impact without discriminatory intent
ExplanationAcknowledgment of unintentional discriminatory consequences.
#9
In the context of Affirmative Action, what does the term 'underrepresented minorities' typically refer to?
Groups with disproportionately low representation
ExplanationCommunities lacking proportional presence in certain domains.
#10
Which landmark piece of legislation prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in the United States?
Americans with Disabilities Act
ExplanationCrucial law ensuring equal opportunities for people with disabilities.
#11
What is the concept of 'redlining' in the context of housing discrimination?
A discriminatory practice of denying loans or insurance to certain neighborhoods
ExplanationSystematic discrimination in housing finance.
#12
Which federal law prohibits discrimination against pregnant employees in the workplace?
Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA)
ExplanationLegislation ensuring fair treatment for pregnant workers.
#13
Which federal agency is primarily responsible for enforcing anti-discrimination laws in the workplace?
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
ExplanationMain authority overseeing workplace equality.
#14
What is the 'glass ceiling' in the context of workplace discrimination?
An invisible barrier preventing advancement for certain groups
ExplanationBarrier impeding career progression, especially for marginalized groups.
#15
Which constitutional amendment is often cited in discussions about equal protection under the law?
Fourteenth Amendment
ExplanationFundamental amendment ensuring equal rights and protection.
#16
What is the primary focus of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act?
Addressing pay discrimination based on gender
ExplanationLegislation targeting gender-based wage disparities.
#17
Which landmark Supreme Court case established the 'separate but equal' doctrine in the United States?
Plessy v. Ferguson
ExplanationPrecedent allowing segregation, later overturned.
#18
Which legal concept suggests that past discrimination can justify present efforts to address inequality?
Compelling Government Interest
ExplanationLegal justification for affirmative action based on historical injustices.