#1
Which of the following is NOT a stage in Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Integrity vs. Despair
Independence vs. Attachment
#2
Who is known for his theory of cognitive development which includes stages like sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational?
Albert Bandura
Jean Piaget
Erik Erikson
Lawrence Kohlberg
#3
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of grief proposed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross?
Denial
Bargaining
Resilience
Acceptance
#4
Which of the following is a characteristic of authoritative parenting style?
High demand, low responsiveness
Low demand, high responsiveness
High demand, high responsiveness
Low demand, low responsiveness
#5
Who proposed the concept of moral development, which includes stages such as preconventional, conventional, and postconventional morality?
Erik Erikson
Jean Piaget
Lawrence Kohlberg
John Bowlby
#6
Which research method involves systematically watching and recording behavior without interfering with the behavior of the subject?
Case study
Survey
Observational study
Experimental study
#7
What is the main difference between longitudinal and cross-sectional studies?
Longitudinal studies observe different groups at the same time point, while cross-sectional studies observe the same group over time.
Cross-sectional studies observe different groups at different time points, while longitudinal studies observe the same group over time.
Longitudinal studies focus on the development of a single individual, while cross-sectional studies focus on multiple individuals.
Cross-sectional studies are qualitative, while longitudinal studies are quantitative.
#8
Which of the following is a major criticism of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory of development?
It overemphasizes the role of unconscious desires.
It underestimates the importance of early childhood experiences.
It neglects the influence of social and cultural factors.
It lacks empirical evidence to support its claims.
#9
Who proposed the socio-cultural theory of development, emphasizing the role of social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development?
Lev Vygotsky
Erik Erikson
John Bowlby
Abraham Maslow
#10
In the context of scientific research, what is a placebo?
A treatment that produces no therapeutic effect.
A treatment that is intended to have therapeutic effects but lacks active ingredients.
A control group that receives no treatment.
A treatment that is administered after the experimental phase.
#11
What is a confounding variable in scientific research?
A variable that influences both the dependent and independent variables
A variable that only affects the dependent variable
A variable that is manipulated by the researcher
A variable that is irrelevant to the study
#12
What is the term used to describe the tendency to focus only on evidence that confirms one's beliefs or hypotheses while ignoring contradictory evidence?
Confirmation bias
Hindsight bias
Observer bias
Sampling bias
#13
Which of the following is a characteristic of a cross-sequential research design?
It observes different groups at different time points.
It observes the same group at different time points.
It focuses on a single point in time.
It combines longitudinal and cross-sectional designs.
#14
Who is known for proposing the concept of psychosocial moratorium, which describes a period during adolescence where individuals are free from major life responsibilities and can explore different roles and identities?
Jean Piaget
Erik Erikson
Lev Vygotsky
John Bowlby
#15
What is the term used to describe the tendency to continue supporting a sunk cost despite evidence that it is failing?
Sunk cost fallacy
Confirmation bias
Hindsight bias
Observer bias