#1
Which of the following is NOT a stage in Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
Independence vs. Attachment
ExplanationThis stage is not a part of Erikson's theory.
#2
Who is known for his theory of cognitive development which includes stages like sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational?
Jean Piaget
ExplanationPiaget's theory encompasses these developmental stages.
#3
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of grief proposed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross?
Resilience
ExplanationResilience is not a stage in Kübler-Ross's model of grief.
#4
Which of the following is a characteristic of authoritative parenting style?
High demand, high responsiveness
ExplanationIt combines high expectations with warmth and support.
#5
Who proposed the concept of moral development, which includes stages such as preconventional, conventional, and postconventional morality?
Lawrence Kohlberg
ExplanationKohlberg's theory outlines stages of moral reasoning.
#6
Which research method involves systematically watching and recording behavior without interfering with the behavior of the subject?
Observational study
ExplanationObservational studies allow for non-invasive data collection.
#7
What is the main difference between longitudinal and cross-sectional studies?
Cross-sectional studies observe different groups at different time points, while longitudinal studies observe the same group over time.
ExplanationLongitudinal studies track the same group, cross-sectional studies compare different groups.
#8
Which of the following is a major criticism of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory of development?
It neglects the influence of social and cultural factors.
ExplanationFreud's theory focuses primarily on biological and unconscious drives.
#9
Who proposed the socio-cultural theory of development, emphasizing the role of social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development?
Lev Vygotsky
ExplanationVygotsky emphasized the importance of social factors in cognitive growth.
#10
In the context of scientific research, what is a placebo?
A treatment that is intended to have therapeutic effects but lacks active ingredients.
ExplanationPlacebos are used as controls to isolate the effects of active treatments.
#11
What is a confounding variable in scientific research?
A variable that influences both the dependent and independent variables
ExplanationIt complicates the interpretation of results by influencing multiple variables.
#12
What is the term used to describe the tendency to focus only on evidence that confirms one's beliefs or hypotheses while ignoring contradictory evidence?
Confirmation bias
ExplanationIt leads to skewed interpretations due to selective attention.
#13
Which of the following is a characteristic of a cross-sequential research design?
It combines longitudinal and cross-sectional designs.
ExplanationIt involves studying different age groups over time.
#14
Who is known for proposing the concept of psychosocial moratorium, which describes a period during adolescence where individuals are free from major life responsibilities and can explore different roles and identities?
Erik Erikson
ExplanationErikson highlighted the importance of identity exploration during adolescence.
#15
What is the term used to describe the tendency to continue supporting a sunk cost despite evidence that it is failing?
Sunk cost fallacy
ExplanationIt involves irrational decision-making based on past investments.